长株潭城市群农业用地损失的动态模拟研究

对城市群发展过程中的农业用地损失进行动态模拟研究,有助于准确归纳其损失的趋势和机制,为农业用地保护规划的制定提供依据。以长株潭城市群为例,通过遥感影像图的收集与处理以及空间数据库、方格网系统、十二向玫瑰图和三维山丘图的构建,对城市群扩张和农业用地损失的过程进行动态模拟,通过离心模型归纳导致农业用地损失的动力机制,并对2020、2025年的农业用地损失情况进行预测。结果显示:城镇建成区扩张是长株潭城市群农业用地损失最主要的原因。伴随着城市群空间结构的演变,农业用地损失经历了"中心区主导—中心区与产业园区共同主导—连绵式损失"的过程。如不加以控制,至2025年,一个总面积达1 500 km~2,呈连绵状分布的超大型都市区将在长株潭城市群形成,现有中心城区、产业园区之间的农业用地将逐渐消失殆尽,从而造成难以弥补的环境损失。从空间规划上优化城市群的空间结构和发展方式,从政策法规上对侵占行为进行严格控制,是保护农业用地的关键所在。研究有望为我国城市群环境保护规划的制定提供方法论参考。     

基于OP-FTIR的化工区空气特征污染实测方法研究

应用开放式傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪(OP-FTIR)对华东地区某化工区周边空气特征污染进行了180 d连续在线监测,建立了污染特征分析、预警评估和污染溯源等体系化监测应用方法,匹配形成了近10项日常数据监控指标的质保质控体系和基于最小二乘法人机结合的谱图解析和数据生成体系,数据误差控制在20%以内。结果表明,通过180 d外场稳定监测,实现了超过40种区域特征污染因子库的建立和实时监控,掌握了乙烯和甲醇等10余种特征污染物的排放规律和主要来源。     

2018年长三角一次持续重污染过程分析

利用常州市6个环境空气质量评价点PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和水溶性离子数据,结合后向轨迹、激光雷达探空资料、气象资料等,分析了2018年1月29日—2月2日长三角区域一次持续重污染过程。结果表明,重度污染时次高达94 h,PM_2.5最高值达235 μg/m³,由外来输送污染物与本地排放的污染物叠加而成,在不利气象条件影响下,污染物在长三角区域长时间滞留;重污染期间,污染物日变化规律显示,PM_2.5受外来源影响更显著,而SO₂、NO₂受本地污染源影响更显著,水溶性粒子组分与常州市本地源存在较大差异,其中NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-值增加最为明显,较污染前分别增加了9.1,5.9,4.3,4.2和4.1倍;K⁺值升高较快,说明污染期间也受到了生物质燃烧的影响。此外,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-在空气质量较好时,在水溶性离子中的占比日变化幅度较大,而在重污染期间,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-日变化幅度明显减小。     

Adsorption and leaching of novel fungicide pyraoxystrobin on soils by <Superscript>14</Superscript>C tracing method

Pyraoxystrobin, (E)-2-(2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate, is a newly developed strobilurin fungicide with high antifungal efficiency. It has high potential to enter soil environments that might subsequently impact surface and groundwater. Therefore, ¹⁴C-labeled pyraoxystrobin was used as a tracer to study the adsorption/desorption and migration behavior of this compound under laboratory conditions in three typical agricultural soils. The adsorption isotherms conformed with the Freundlich equation. Single factor analysis showed that organic matter content was the most important factor influencing the adsorption. The highest adsorption level was measured in soil with low pH and high organic carbon content. Once adsorbed, only 2.54 to 6.41% of the adsorbed compound could be desorbed. In addition, the mobility results from thin-layer chromatography and column leaching studies showed that it might be safe to use pyraoxystrobin as a fungicide without causing groundwater pollution from both runoff and leaching, which might be attributed to its strong hydrophobicity. High organic matter content enhanced pyraoxystrobin adsorption and desorption because of the rule of similarity (lipid solubility). In the column leaching study, 95.02% (minimum value) of the applied ¹⁴C remained within the upper 4.0-cm layer after 60 days.     

大九湖泥炭磁化率及腐殖化度记录的18.7 Ka BP气候变化

神农架大九湖泥炭沼泽是中纬度亚热带地区的高山泥炭沼泽,其连续沉积的泥炭剖面蕴含了丰富的气候变化信息,对揭示我国中纬度地区不同时间尺度的气候环境变化有着重要意义。使用碱提取溶液吸光度法对大九湖泥炭吸光度进行测定,以E4/E6比值表征腐殖化度,同时测定了泥炭的磁化率,通过AMS14C测年技术建立了神农架大九湖泥炭地的年代序列,结合区域的其他气候代用指标,分析大九湖泥炭磁化率与腐殖化度E4/E6的古气候意义：大九湖泥炭频率磁化率值高指示气候冷干,降水量小;磁化率值偏低指示气候暖湿,降水量大。E4/E6值高,腐殖化度低,指示气候冷干;值低,腐殖化度高,指示气候暖湿。探讨大九湖地区末次冰消期以来的气候变化,重建该区18.7 Ka BP 的气候演化过程：末次冰期结束期（18.7~11.7 Ka BP）气候比较冷干,期间存在气候冷暖干湿交替波动;全新世（11.7~0 Ka BP）以来,气温开始回升,气候比较暖湿,期间也存在突发性降温事件,其中,全新世早期（11.7~9.3 Ka BP）气候冷暖干湿交替波动,总体冷湿;全新世中期（9.3~3.5 Ka BP）气候暖湿;全新世晚期（3.5~0 Ka BP）气候温干。 关键词： 泥炭;磁化率;E4/E6;大九湖;气候变化     

长江源区草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响

选择长江源区的格尔木市唐古拉山镇作为研究区,通过野外实地采样与室内测试分析相结合,在分析草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下土壤持水能力特征的基础上,探讨了草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响。结果表明：（1）在相同草地植被退化阶段,毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随土层深度变化的特征基本一致;在相同土层深度上,毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随草地植被退化的特征也大体相同。（2）在相同草地植被退化阶段,土壤持水量总体上随土层深度增加而减少,特别是在未退化阶段,10~20 cm土层的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比0~10 cm土层分别减少了12.38%、33.73%和7.64%。（3）在相同土层深度上,土壤持水量总体上随草地植被退化而减少,特别是在0~10 cm土层,轻度退化阶段的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比未退化阶段分别减少了41.52%、59.95%和27.03%。（4）土壤持水量与土壤容重、总碳、有机质和总氮显著相关,它在草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下的变化可能与地表覆被状况、植物根系数量和分布特征所引起的土壤容重、有机质等变化有关。研究可深化对草地植被退化与土壤持水能力相互关系的理解和认识,并为长江源区生态环境和水资源状况研究提供参考依据。 关键词： 土壤持水能力;草地植被退化;长江源区;影响     

多支撑基坑开挖对邻近桩基影响的三维数值研究*

基坑开挖引起的地层移动对临近建筑物下桩基产生影响。运用岩土数值计算软件FLAC3D进行了多支撑围护基坑开挖对邻近桩基影响的三维数值研究,采用修正剑桥硬化土模型模拟土体的非线性应力—应变关系,桩基采用线弹性模型,桩土之间建立接触面。首先在标准问题中对不同桩顶约束条件的邻近桩基进行了研究,然后就围护墙体水平位移量、桩基与基坑开挖面的距离、桩基刚度、桩基长度和桩顶竖向荷载等因素对邻近桩基的影响规律进行了研究,计算结果与先前学者的工程实测结果进行了对比,与工程实测数据在其基本分布方面具有较高的一致性,可为相关的设计施工提供参考。     

Polyoxometalates for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous dyestuff solutions and quantitative structure–property relationship study on photolysis rate constants

Polyoxometalate, K₆TiW₁₁O₃₉Sn·7H₂O (TiW₁₁Sn), was synthesized and characterized. TiW₁₁Sn and K₆ZrW₁₁O₃₉Sn·12H₂O (ZrW₁₁Sn) were evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation of triarylmethane (brilliant green and acid blue 9), bisazo (C.I. reactive black 5), and monoazo dyestuffs (C.I. reactive red 24, C.I. reactive red 194, and C.I. reactive orange 5) with natural sunlight in homogeneous aqueous solutions. TiW₁₁Sn and ZrW₁₁Sn effectively and photocatalytically decolorized the dyestuffs. The TiW₁₁Sn- and ZrW₁₁Sn-mediated photocatalytic degradation of the dyestuffs involved a pseudo-first-order reaction and was modeled by Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type kinetics. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (K^/) of triarylmethane dyestuffs were generally bigger than that of the azo dyestuffs. Quantitative structure–property relationship models of the K^/ of the dyestuffs were developed using partial least-square regression. The cumulative variance of the dependent variable explained by the partial least-square components was > 0.753 for each optimal model. This value indicated that the model had good predictive ability and robustness. The K^/ values of the dyestuffs were related to the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the most positive net atomic charges on a sulfur atom of dyestuffs. The linear correlation coefficients between the predicted and experimental values were all > 0.9950.     

Spatial scale and seasonal dependence of land use impacts on riverine water quality in the Huai River basin,China

Land use pattern is an effective reflection of anthropic activities, which are primarily responsible for water quality deterioration. A detailed understanding of relationship between water quality and land use is critical for effective land use management to improve water quality. Linear mixed effects and multiple regression models were applied to water quality data collected from 2003 to 2010 from 36 stations in the Huai River basin together with topography and climate data, to characterize the land use impacts on water quality and their spatial scale and seasonal dependence. The results indicated that the influence of land use categories on specific water quality parameter was multiple and varied with spatial scales and seasons. Land use exhibited strongest association with dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentrations at entire watershed scale and with total phosphorus (TP) and fluoride concentrations at finer scales. However, the spatial scale, at which land use exerted strongest influence on instream chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels, varied with seasons. In addition, land use composition was responsible for the seasonal pattern observed in contaminant concentrations. COD, NH₃-N, and fluoride generally peaked during dry seasons in highly urbanized regions and during rainy seasons in less urbanized regions. High proportion of agricultural and rural areas was associated with high nutrient contamination risk during spring. The results highlight the spatial scale and seasonal dependence of land use impacts on water quality and can provide scientific basis for scale-specific land management and seasonal contamination control.     

化学污染物对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展

化学污染物是影响珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要因素之一。随着我国社会经济的发展,沿海农业活动、城市工业化以及旅游业的发展导致珊瑚礁生长区的化学污染物浓度越来越高。珊瑚礁生态系统长期在化学污染物的联合胁迫下,生态风险指数日益增加,受到国内外研究者的极大关注。本文综述了国内外该领域的重要研究进展,并从个体、细胞和分子水平重点介绍了化学污染物对珊瑚的影响,主要包括：(1)珊瑚礁对重金属和多环芳烃有明显的富集作用,可以作为该海域化学污染物污染水平的外在反映;(2)化学污染物对珊瑚幼体的影响程度比成体大;(3)抗氧化酶和特定的功能基因可被用作生物标记物来监测珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况。最后,对我国未来珊瑚礁生态系统的研究方向进行展望,建议在典型珊瑚礁海域进行长期的生态学监测,结合室内胁迫实验,筛选出敏感的生物标志物(biomarker),为今后珊瑚礁生态系统的保护提供基础信息,并对其可能存在的环境风险进行评价。