氧化铁投加方式对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响

氧化铁可以促进产甲烷菌的代谢活动,从而加快厌氧消化体系的产甲烷速率。通过设计3组反应器,探究了不同的氧化铁添加方式对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷的影响:包括空白组A(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥),以及2个实验组B(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥,48 h后投加氧化铁)和C(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥+氧化铁)。结果表明:反应器A酸化严重,进入长期产甲烷抑制状态;反应器B可以解除酸抑制,恢复体系产甲烷能力,但需要较长的启动期;反应器C则能较快达到产甲烷阶段。此外,截止到第54天实验结束,反应器C的累积产甲烷量(48 349 m L)高于B(35 665 m L)。对于餐厨垃圾厌氧消化,投加氧化铁可解除体系酸抑制,恢复其产甲烷能力。而在厌氧消化初期加入氧化铁可以更快地解除酸抑制,并促成更高的产甲烷速率。     

Enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency by in situ fabrication of BiOBr/BiVO4 surface junctions

Surface junctions between Bi OBr and BiVO_4 were synthesized. The BiOBr/BiVO_4 with 1 wt.%of Bi OBr exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rh B under visible-light irradiation. It was found that the highly efficient adsorption of Rh B molecules via the electrostatic attraction between Br-and cationic \N(Et)_2 group played a key role for the high photocatalytic activities of BiOBr/BiVO_4. This efficient adsorption promoted the N-deethylation of Rh B and thus accelerated the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B.Moreover, the metal-to-metal charge transfer(MMCT) mechanism was proposed, which revealed the concrete path paved with Bi–O–Bi chains for the carrier migration in BiOBr/BiVO_4. The interaction between photoexcited Rh B* and the Bi~(3+) in BiVO_4 provided the driving force for the migration of photo-generated carriers along the Bi–O–Bi chains. This work has not only demonstrated the important role of efficient adsorption in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants, but also developed a facile strategy to improve the efficiency of photocatalysts.     

Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China

The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) to human being should be assessed regularly. To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population, 11 varieties of food groups totaling 634 samples including beef and mutton, chicken and duck, pork, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products were evaluated. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from 0.291 to 8.468 pg/g whole weight (w.w.). The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012 pg TEQ/g w.w. for cereal to 0.367 pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil. OCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs. The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.656 and 0.514 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, respectively, however, the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81% for rural and 48% for urban population, followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4% and 16% to the estimate daily intake. The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.     

Dynamic equity carbon permit allocation scheme to limit global warming to two degrees

Significant international collaboration is required to limit global temperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Equity is the foundation of cooperation, and therefore, this study proposed a new dynamic carbon permit allocation scheme based on four principles: equality, historical responsibility, capability, and future development opportunities. Decision makers could have different preferences for allocating carbon permits, therefore, four equity rules or indicators (equality, responsibility, capacity, and sovereignty) were assigned different weights. Based on the global carbon budget of the 2 °C target, emission permits were calculated and relevant economic implications analyzed using the Global Change Assessment Model. Results indicated that developed countries should reduce emissions immediately, while allowances for developing regions could permit an initial increase in emissions until peaking. Applying different weights to the indicators resulted in multifarious regional allowances. Developed regions would benefit from the “preferring sovereignty” scenario and most developing countries would benefit under the “preferring responsibility” and “preferring capacity” scenarios. Compared with the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, this study found that in the short term, developed countries might insist on sovereignty as the preferred indicator. However, preferring sovereignty would place substantial mitigation pressures on developing countries in the long term. Therefore, in addressing global climate change, a dynamic choice in the weighting distribution for different indicators might be conducive to international agreement. Furthermore, a market-based trading instrument could help all participants both mitigate global climate change by reducing regional and global costs and facilitate mitigation capital flow from developed to less developed regions.     

曝气生物活性炭滤池深度处理垃圾渗滤液的效能研究

为了考察曝气生物活性炭滤池(BACF)深度处理垃圾渗滤液的效能,研究了填料填充度、曝气位置、气水比、水力停留时间和p H等影响因素对滤池去除有机物、氨氮和总氮的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺运行条件为:填料填充度为80%,底部曝气,气水比为3:1,水力停留时间为8 h,p H为7~8。在最佳工艺条件下运行反应器,COD、氨氮和TN平均去除率分别达到85%、90%和57%,出水可达到实验设定水质要求。BACF具有较强的抗有机负荷能力,进水COD浓度在323至3 000 mg/L之间时,COD去除率稳定在80%。反应器受氨氮冲击负荷影响较大,氨氮进水浓度低于90mg/L时,出水可达到要求。     

面向制信息权的核污染扩散预警技术研究

以核电站核污染扩散预警技术为研究对象,基于环保指挥自动化系统C4ISRE,通过整合WRF、HYSPLIT、Unidata IDV、AGI STK、Arc GIS系统等构建核污染扩散单一合成图SIP(Single Integrated Picture),并通过SIP对核污染扩散进行详细分析,进而实现对核污染应急处置的制信息权。研究表明:当研究区实际的天气系统具备了本例模拟的气象特征时,即主体风向为局部区域东北风3~4级,局部区域西北风6~7级,发生与日本福岛核事故同样等级的事故,12个小时后,受影响的居民区主要为谢屯镇、炮台镇、李店镇、普兰店市、无名区1。其中,炮台镇的大部分区域浓度为10 Pbq,面积为2.66 km 2,东北方向部分区域浓度为100 Pbq,面积为0.03 km~2;普兰店市西南部区域浓度为10 Pbq,面积为8.00 km~2,东北部区域浓度为100 Pbq,面积为0.033 km 2;李店镇东北区域浓度为1 Pbq,面积为0.93km~2;无名区1南部区域浓度为1 Pbq,面积为4.50 km~2。     

泄漏检测与修复技术实施水平量化评估简介

介绍了泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)及挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)控制相关标准、指南和文件。研究了泄漏检测与修复项目实施水平量化评估技术。其中,评估流程包括制定评估方案、收集评估资料,开展现场评估,编写评估报告;评估要素包括资料审核、现场审核、人员考察、现场抽检4方面内容;水平量化评估包括LDAR技术实施水平量化评估检查表、LDAR技术实施水平量化评分标准。本研究对评估企业实施LDAR过程合规性,检测数据有效性,以及实施技术水平的可比性具有指导意义。     

高含硫气田丛式井场安全控制技术及管理对策

通过对高含硫丛式井场采用紧急关断系统(ESD)和远程终端控制系统(RTU)的井口安全控制系统,实现井口、站场紧急联锁关断,并对井口压力、温度等信息实现自动采集和监控。通过在井场安装安全视频监控系统,实现井组、站场实时全过程视频监控。通过采用井场地面集输控制系统,降低采气生产过程硫沉积堵塞和硫化氢腐蚀对井组、集输系统的安全风险,实现对井组、站场集输的安全控制,为高含硫气田高效开发的安全管理提供理论支持和决策依据。     

生物滤池去除污水厂臭气的研究

文章介绍了绍兴柯桥江滨污水处理厂生物滤池处理臭气的状况,首先对该生物过滤除臭装置进行介绍,包括集气罩、加湿喷淋系统、生物洗涤段、生物过滤段、生物填料与菌种以及出气系统等,然后研究了不同风量下该装置去除效率的变化,实验发现,该装置对臭气处理有良好的效果,当风机处理能力为6400 m3/h时为最佳工况点,该工况下,进口氨气浓度均值1.34 mg/m3,出口氨气0.292 mg/m3,去除率均值为73.4%,氨气排放达到国家标准.