不同DN与PN-ANAMMOX耦合工艺处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的微生物群落分析

为了推进厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX）脱氮工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的应用,在某垃圾填埋场建立了不同反硝化（denitrification,DN）与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial nitrification-ANAMMOX,PN-ANAMMOX）耦合模式的中试反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨其耦合模式对脱氮及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺可以将DN耦合入PN-ANAMMOX进行脱氮,但随着渗滤液中有机物浓度的增加,DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺的PN区的需氧量增加,Nitrosomonadaceae科菌的富集受到限制.而NO₂^--N的供给不足进一步导致ANAMMOX区Brocadiaceae科微生物的富集也受到限制,总氮去除速率（total nitrogen removal rate,TNRR）停留在0.44 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1.而在DN-（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺中,具有反硝化能力的Saprospiraceae科菌在DN区富集,有机物主要在DN区被降解去除,为后续PN-ANAMMOX提供了良好的低碳环境.Nitrosomonadaceae科及Brocadiaceae科菌在相应的PN区及ANAMMOX区得到富集,反应器的TNRR和总氮去除率（total nitrogen removal efficiency,TNRE）也进一步提升至0.55 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和94.65%,实现了对NH₄⁺-N和有机物浓度分别为2233 mg ·L^-1和2712 mg ·L^-1渗滤液的直接处理.其中Candidatus Kuenenia菌更能适应高基质浓度的渗滤液水质,成为ANAMMOX区的优势菌属.     

长江经济带城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系及其空间异质性

论文基于GIS平台及探索性空间数据分析方法（Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, ESDA）和脱钩模型,以地级行政单元为对象,分析2000—2013年长江经济带建设用地扩张、经济增长的时空差异及脱钩关系。研究表明：1）近15 a来,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长具有明显的阶段性和区域性。热点分析显示,建设用地增长热点区呈扩散效应,冷点区逐渐缩小。而经济增长的冷、热点区演变格局与建设用地并不同步。2）2000—2013年,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长耦合关系经历了“增长负脱钩、弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩、增长连结”为主的变化过程。分析表明,近15 a来长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长脱钩程度整体趋于优化,其中,负脱钩类型的城市数量降低17.76%,而脱钩类型数量上升11.22%。3）脱钩程度的空间异质性分析显示,长江经济带各时期的城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系具有弱空间集聚性。总体上,长三角城市群较长江中游、成渝及滇、黔城市群的脱钩程度表现更优。脱钩程度变化机制与城市产业结构、用地效率和用地模式等密切相关。加强土地利用规划管控力度、严格用途管制规则,引导城市精明增长,走内涵式新型城镇化道路是改变经济发展对建设用地扩张依赖的重要途径。     

铁路不同系统职工“三类人员”健康状况分析

为了做好运输一线职工的健康管理工作,选择车辆、车务、电务、工务和机务系统参加健康体检的职工,以其2015—2016年体检数据为研究资料,分析了各系统"三类人员"健康情况。结果表明,不同系统"三类人员"总胆固醇异常率为车辆系统最高(64.9%),车务系统最低(60.0%);低密度脂蛋白胆固醇异常率最高为机务系统(53.1%),车务系统最低(45.7%);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇异常率为车辆系统最高(32.2%),工务系统最低(22.1%);空腹血糖异常率最高为机务系统(47.6%),电务系统最低(39.6%);甘油三酯异常率为工务系统最高(69.0%),车务系统最低(65.8%);舒张压异常率最高为车辆系统(93.8%),车务系统最低(78.2%);收缩压异常率最高为车辆系统(80.8%),车务系统最低(68.6%)。     

Sorption of tylosin and sulfamethazine on solid humic acid

Tylosin(TYL) and sulfamethazine(SMT) are ionizable and polar antimicrobial compounds,which have seeped into the environment in substantial amounts via fertilizing land with manure or sewage. Sorption of TYL and SMT onto humic acid(HA) may affect their environmental fate. In this study, the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA at different conditions(pH, ionic strength) was investigated. All sorption isotherms fitted well to the Henry and Freundlich models and they were highly nonlinear with values of n between 0.5 and 0.8, which suggested that the HA had high heterogeneity. The sorption of TYL and SMT on HA decreased with increasing p H(2.0–7.5), implying that the primary sorption mechanism could be due to cation exchange interactions between TYL~+/SMT~+ species and the functional groups of HA.Increasing ionic strength resulted in a considerable reduction in the K_d values of TYL and SMT,hinting that interactions between H bonds and π–π EDA might be an important factor in the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA. Results of Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and ~13C-nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analysis further demonstrated that carboxyl groups and O-alkyl structures in the HA could interact with TYL and SMT via ionic interactions and H bonds,respectively. Overall, this work gives new insights into the mechanisms of sorption of TYL and SMT on HA and hence aids us in assessing the environmental risk of TYL and SMT under diverse conditions.     

蜂窝湿式静电除尘脱除燃煤细颗粒物实验研究

搭建了蜂窝湿式静电除尘实验台,研究了不同清灰方式下湿式静电除尘的放电特性、除尘效率、分级效率.结果发现,喷淋清灰方式对颗粒物脱除效率最高,溢流清灰方式其次.为了避免喷淋产生的水雾对除尘效率的不稳定影响,着重研究了溢流清灰方式下,湿式静电除尘器比收尘面积、运行电压、烟气初始浓度对除尘效率的影响.研究表明,提高比收尘面积和运行电压均可使除尘效率增加,通过观察颗粒物分级脱除效率发现,粒径段在0.5~1μm之间的颗粒物脱除效率较低.当烟气含尘浓度达到较高值(442.85 mg·m~(-3))时,除尘器仍可保持较高的除尘效率.     

Reducing the risk of rear-end collisions with infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integration of variable speed limit control and adaptive cruise control system

Objective: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) has been investigated recently to explore ways to increase traffic capacity, stabilize traffic flow, and improve traffic safety. However, researchers seldom have studied the integration of ACC and roadside control methods such as the variable speed limit (VSL) to improve safety. The primary objective of this study was to develop an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integrated system that incorporated both ACC and VSL to reduce rear-end collision risks on freeways.

Methods: The intelligent driver model was firstly modified to simulate ACC behavior and then the VSL strategy used in this article was introduced. Next, the I2V system was proposed to integrate the 2 advanced techniques, ACC and VSL. Four scenarios of no control, VSL only, ACC only, and the I2V system were tested in simulation experiments. Time exposed time to collision (TET) and time integrated time to collision (TIT), 2 surrogate safety measures derived from time to collision (TTC), were used to evaluate safety issues associated with rear-end collisions. The total travel times of each scenario were also compared.

Results: The simulation results indicated that both the VSL-only and ACC-only methods had a positive impact on reducing the TET and TIT values (reduced by 53.0 and 58.6% and 59.0 and 65.3%, respectively). The I2V system combined the advantages of both ACC and VSL to achieve the most safety benefits (reduced by 71.5 and 77.3%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of the TTC threshold also showed that the I2V system obtained the largest safety benefits with all of the TTC threshold values. The impact of different market penetration rates of ACC vehicles in I2V system indicated that safety benefits increase with an increase in ACC proportions.

Conclusions: Compared to VSL-only and ACC-only scenarios, this integrated I2V system is more effective in reducing rear-end collision risks. The findings of this study provide useful information for traffic agencies to implement novel techniques to improve safety on freeways.     

A Comparison Study of Wheat Gluten Composites Filled with Dialdehyde Starch and Native Starch

Environmentally friendly green composites were prepared by blending Wheat gluten (WG) as matrix, dialdehyde starch (DAS) as filler and glycerol as plasticizer followed by compression molding of the mixture at 110 °C. The properties of the WG/DAS composite are compared with those of the WG/native wheat starch (NWS) composites. While tensile strength and strain at break decrease with increasing NWS content in the WG/NWS composites, a small content of DAS could improve tensile strength and strain at break simultaneously in the WG/DAS composites. The WG/DAS composites exhibit reduced moisture absorption in comparison with the WG/NEW composites. Formation of chemical bonding between DAS and WG is beneficial for the dispersion of DAS in the WG matrix and WG/DAS composites exhibit improved mechanical properties and reduced moisture absorption over the WG/NWS composites.     

Synergetic decolorization and deodorization of sludge protein foaming solution by 60Co γ-ray irradiation/H2O2 oxidation

Sludge protein foaming solution was effectively decolorized and deodorized by gamma irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The existence of a synergetic effect on the decolorization and the deodorization was demonstrated by means of UV/vis spectrophotometry, chemical, and sensory analyses every 14 days during 98 days of storage. Furthermore, the foamability was measured using the Ross–Miles method. Results showed that color, odor, and foamability of irradiated samples under hydrogen peroxide oxidation were significantly improved. Sensory evaluation indicated that irradiated samples under hydrogen peroxide oxidation were better than nonirradiated samples in odor, and color. Finally, a preliminary cost analysis revealed that ⁶⁰Co γ-ray/H₂O₂ process was more cost-effective than the H₂O₂ alone.     

Seasonal variation of mercury concentrations in organisms of the Cilician Basin

Total mercury concentrations in organisms typical of those found in the Cilician Basin of the northeastern Mediterranean have been measured from 1977 to the present. These concentrations show seasonal variations. Shrimp shows an approximately constant concentration of mercury which might testify to the regulation capacity of shrimp for mercury. Crab, and particular fish, show a seasonal variation which may be correlated with the local application of mercury fungicide, rainfall, and the physiology of the organisms. The rapidity with which mercury applied to the land causes increased concentrations in fish is noteworthy.     

巴颜喀拉山高寒草地及其退化的遥感研究─—以巴颜喀拉山达日县段为例

本文应用遥感技术，探讨了巴颜喀拉山北坡－青海省达日县段高寒草地资源及其退化高山草甸草地的成因、分布和判断标志，将研究区划分为5个草地类型和3个退化草地型，重点分析了高山草甸草地退化的主要原因和影象特征．