有限空间作业常见错误及纠正措施

总结了有限空间作业过程中常见的错误,并按照HSE管理体系的理念,针对这些错误提出了纠正措施。     

重庆市1997年-2005年生态足迹与发展能力实证分析

生态足迹是一种定量测量人类对自然资源利用程度的全新方法。在介绍了生态足迹的概念和生态足迹的模型与生态系统经济发展能力以及目前的研究成果基础上,根据1998年-2006年的《重庆市统计年鉴》的资料数据,对重庆市1997年-2005年的生态足迹进行了实证计算与分析,结果表明重庆市从1997年的人均生态足迹由1.096ha/cap增加到2005年底的1.635ha/cap,人均生态赤字由1997年的0.9000ha/cap增加到2005年的1.2742ha/cap,9年间的增幅为41,5％,平均每年为6.1％;通过人均GDP与发展能力的回归分析表明,生态系统的经济发展能力是一个很好的反映重庆市经济系统状况的指标。     

水质模型参数识别与验证的探讨

参数识别与模型验证是水质模型应用的两个重要步骤。在对模型参数的本质含义进行辨析的基础上,对模型参数的时变性、集成性和可识别性进行了分析。采用科学哲学的方法,对水质模型验证的必要性和不足进行了讨论,指出虽然模型验证必不可少,但也不能证实模型本身就是实际物理和生化过程的反映,因此应充分地意识到“经过验证的”模型在预测中的风险。     

空气移动监测车仪器与空气自动站仪器的比对分析

河南省环境监测中心站利用空气移动监测车仪器对辖区内4家公司空气自动站的仪器进行比对,得出了空气移动监测车仪器与空气自动站仪器的SO2、NO2相对误差分别为：4.4%、-8.7%,仪器之间重复性和一致性均较好,由相关性检验得出,空气移动监测车仪器与4家公司空气自动站仪器比对数据相关性显著,为利用空气移动监测车仪器对空气自动站仪器进行质量控制和质量保证提供了借鉴意义。     

李文海与中国近代灾荒史研究述评

李文海是中国近代灾荒史研究的拓荒者,他对该学科在20世纪80年代后的重新起步、发展做出了重要贡献。此中因由,一方面是上世纪80年代史学的整体研究走向所致,另一方面也与李文海个人的史学理念、实践关系至密。李文海有关近代中国灾荒史的研究成果极为丰富,发表有系列独到观点,这主要体现在灾荒的成因、应对、影响以及灾荒学科价值等方面。在他的引领下,近数十年来我国近代灾荒研究取得了相当之进展,研究成果日渐丰硕,研究队伍日趋壮大。     

南水北调中线工程总干渠沿线经过河流水质评价

选取南水北调中线总干渠工程沿线的19条河流,对其水环境特征进行了为期1年的动态监测。利用单因子污染指数评价每条河流的污染因子和污染源类型,在此基础上,由综合污染指数评价得知,河南的赵河、贾鲁河、河北的孟良河,北京的琉璃河水质为Ⅳ类中度污染;河南的卫河、河北的洨河、天津的北运河水质为Ⅴ类重度污染,天津的独流碱河水质为劣Ⅴ类严重污染。评价Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类河流水质指标污染分担率确定污染水体主要污染物及其来源。总体来看,水质沿工程总干渠由南到北逐渐恶化,污染类型也由农业型转向工业型。研究结果可为中线工程的水资源合理配置与沿线河流污染的有效控制提供科学依据.     

基于河流健康的辽河干流生态调度分期研究

河流健康受水文条件、人类活动干扰等因素影响存在季节性特点。作为以维护河流健康为目标的生态调度,在四季变化明显的北方地区也应具有分时期的特性。以辽河干流为研究区域,以月为单位对其河流健康进行评价,探讨河流健康的年内变化规律。研究表明辽河干流河流健康状况存在明显的分期特性,不同时期健康状况差异较大。基于上述特点,提出以分期生态调度的方式来改善河流健康,并划分出封冻期、汛前枯水期、汛期、汛后枯水期4个时期。同时确定出封冻期的最小生态需水、枯水期的河流自净需水、汛期的输沙需水的需水要求。最后耦合出辽河干流生态流量过程并与Tennant法比较,表明该流量过程符合天然的径流节律,能更好地维护河流健康     

基于ARDL模型长三角碳排放、能源消费和经济增长关系研究

碳排放量、能源消费量和经济增长间存在着密切的关系。长三角地区(研究该区域为上海、浙江、江苏,简称长三角,下同）碳减排措施的实施是否会影响长三角地区的经济增长,能源消费量、能源结构和碳排放量间存在何种联系,这些均是在长三角碳减排政策制定中亟待考虑的问题。利用1990~2010年,长三角的能源经济样本数据,使用ARDL模型和格兰杰因果检验模型（Granger）定量的研究了上述几个因素之间的关系。研究发现：当碳排放量、能源消费和经济增长分别为回归变量时,均存在其它解释变量和每个回归变量间的长期稳定的协整关系。在长期关系中,存在经济增长对碳排放量的负向弹性影响。能源消费对经济增长的影响为正,能源消费每增长1%,经济增长0.67%。碳排放量对经济增长的长期影响为负,碳排放量每增长1%,经济则减少0.49%。Granger因果关系的研究表明：滞后长度分别为3,4时,存在从经济增长到能源消费和碳排放量倒的单向因果关系。不存在从能源消费和碳排放量到经济增长的单向因果关系,且亦不存在碳排放量和能源消费的双向因果关系。在长三角,制定和实施适当的节能减排政策将不会阻碍该地区经济增长。节能减排政策的制定,应首先考虑能源结构优化,降低长三角高碳能源的消费比重     

Effect of organic material on field-scale emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene

Soil fumigation is important for growing many fruits and vegetable crops, but fumigant emissions may contaminate the atmosphere. A large-scale field experiment was initiated to test the hypothesis that adding composted municipal green waste to the soil surface in an agricultural field would reduce atmospheric emissions of the 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection at a 133 kg ha(-1) application rate. Three micrometeorological methods were used to obtain fumigant flux density and cumulative emission values. The volatilization rate was measured continuously for 16 d, and the daily peak volatilization rates for the three methods ranged from 12 to 24 μg m(-2) s(-1). The total 1,3-D mass that volatilized to the atmosphere was approximately 14 to 68 kg, or 3 to 8% of the applied active ingredient. This represents an approximately 75 to 90% reduction in the total emissions compared with other recent field, field-plot, and laboratory studies. Significant reductions in the volatilization of 1,3-D may be possible when composted municipal green waste is applied to an agricultural field. This methodology also provides a beneficial use and disposal mechanism for composted vegetative material.     

Forest Ecosystem Services and Eco-Compensation Mechanisms in China

Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence.