全氟化合物污染现状及风险评估的研究进展

全氟化合物(polyfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是近年来受到广泛关注的一类新型持久性有机污染物。PFCs因具有优良的化学稳定性、耐热性以及高表面活性,而被广泛应用于生活消费和工业生产等领域。PFCs具有难降解、生物富集和长距离迁移等特点,已在大气、土壤和水体等环境介质及生物体中检出。在生态环境中,PFCs能够通过食物链不断传递放大,其具有的多种毒性效应已对生态系统和人类造成了一定的威胁。本文主要综述了PFCs在各类环境介质的污染现状、生物的毒性效应、人类摄入健康风险评估以及PFCs的降解研究,以期为未来PFCs的研究提供参考。     

基于GT-Power柴油机颗粒捕集器捕集性能的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)仿真模型,进行了仿真计算。研究了颗粒捕集器本身结构参数对其捕集效率与压降的影响。结果表明,影响颗粒捕集器捕集效率的主要参数有通道密度(CPSI)、过滤体孔隙率、过滤体微孔直径以及过滤壁厚度;影响颗粒物压降的主要参数有通道密度、过滤体渗透率、过滤体孔隙率以及过滤壁厚度。     

生化-调碱后垃圾渗滤液的Fenton深度处理效果

针对上海老港垃圾填埋场经过厌氧-曝气塘处理后的渗滤液难进一步处理的问题,对其采用厌氧滤池-好氧接触法、氧化钙2种方式预处理,在此预处理基础上,考察了Fenton法深度处理的效果,探讨了H2O2/Fe2+投加比、初始pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间和Fenton试剂投加方式对渗滤液COD去除效果的影响。研究发现:经过生物预处理后,渗滤液的COD和TP分别降低了24%和25%;氧化钙调碱可以进一步使COD和TP去除率分别达到42%和96%;后续Fenton深度氧化的最佳条件为:初始pH为2,H2O2投加量为2.4 g/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为5∶1,Fenton试剂一次投加,反应时间为2 h。在此条件下,渗滤液的COD从1 340 mg/L降到198 mg/L,总COD去除率达到85%。     

中国排污权交易的法制建设探讨——以浙江省为例

分析了浙江省排污权交易试点工作中存在的问题,探讨了美国、欧盟等国家和地区的排污权交易法制建设对中国的启示,对国家、地方2个层面进行了排污权交易法制建设的构想。最后,对浙江省排污权交易的法制建设进行了具体设计,并对排污权交易的法制建设提出了可操作性建议。     

Phosphorus runoff losses from subsurface-applied poultry litter on coastal plain soils

The application of poultry litter to soils is a water quality concern on the Delmarva Peninsula, as runoff contributes P to the eutrophic Chesapeake Bay. This study compared a new subsurface applicator for poultry litter with conventional surface application and tillage incorporation of litter on a Coastal Plain soil under no-till management. Monolith lysimeters (61 cm by 61 cm by 61 cm) were collected immediately after litter application and subjected to rainfall simulation (61 mm h(-1) 1 h) 15 and 42 d later. In the first rainfall event, subsurface application of litter significantly lowered total P losses in runoff (1.90 kg ha(-1)) compared with surface application (4.78 kg ha(-1)). Losses of P with subsurface application were not significantly different from disked litter or an unamended control. By the second event, total P losses did not differ significantly between surface and subsurface litter treatments but were at least twofold greater than losses from the disked and control treatments. A rising water table in the second event likely mobilized dissolved forms of P in subsurface-applied litter to the soil surface, enriching runoff water with P. Across both events, subsurface application of litter did not significantly decrease cumulative losses of P relative to surface-applied litter, whereas disking the litter into the soil did. Results confirm the short-term reduction of runoff P losses with subsurface litter application observed elsewhere but highlight the modifying effect of soil hydrology on this technology's ability to minimize P loss in runoff.     

Assessing the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units

Wastewater reuse can significantly reduce environmental pollution and save the water sources. The study selected Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant in southern Taiwan to discuss the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units. The treatment units of this plant include wastewater basin, sedimentation basin, sludge thickener and sludge dewatering facility. In this study, the treatment efficiency of SS and turbidity were 48.35–99.68% and 24.15–99.36%, respectively, showing the significant removal efficiency of the wastewater process. However, the removal efficiencies of NH₃–N, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are limited by wastewater treatment processes. Because NH₃–N, TOC and COD of the mixing supernatant and raw water are regulated raw water quality standards, supernatant reuse is feasible and workable during wastewater processes at this plant. Overall, analytical results indicated that supernatant reuse is feasible.     

干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液耦合作用下GCL防渗性能

开展膨胀指数和渗透系数测定试验,研究干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用下膨润土的膨胀性能和土工合成黏土衬垫（GCL）防渗性能变化规律.结果表明,干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用对膨润土的膨胀性能和GCL的防渗性能具有显著负面影响：在7次干湿循环后,垃圾渗滤液饱和的膨润土的膨胀指数从20mL/2g降低至7.5mL/2g,GCL的渗透系数从1.65×10^-11m/s增加到1.89×10^-7m/s.膨胀指数下降和渗透系数升高的根本原因是膨润土渗透膨胀性能的丧失.单纯的垃圾渗滤液渗透不会改变GCL的渗透系数.将有效应力从20kPa升高至150kPa,可以促使GCL的渗透系数降低4个数量级,满足填埋场防渗要求（< 5.0x10^-11m/s）.     

CAF空穴气浮—生物接触氧化工艺在制革废水处理中的应用

介绍了一种皮革废水处理新工艺，即ＣＡＦ空穴气浮—接触氧化工艺。经预处理的制革综合污水采用ＣＡＦ系统混凝气浮，生物接触氧化工艺处理后，ＣＯＤＣｒ、ＢＯＤ５、ＴＳＳ、ＦＯＧ、硫化物以及总铬的去除率均在９５％以上，可达到回用标准。     

活性和非活性海藻吸附重金属的研究

用藻类处理重金属废水是最有效的生物吸附法之一,也是近年来被广泛关注的水处理技术。重点研究了活性海藻和非活性海藻吸附重金属的机理,并简述了海藻的预处理方式及固定化稳定化在吸附过程中的作用,浅述了几种常见的吸附模型及应用,分析了藻类吸附重金属存在的问题以及今后研究方向。     

Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China

A field campaign on air quality was carried out in Shanghai in winter of 2012. The concentrations of NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, and PM_2.5 increased during haze formation. The average masses of SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were 10.3, 11.7 and 6.7 μg/m³ during the haze episodes, which exceeded the average (9.2, 7.9, and 3.4 μg/m³) of these components in the non-haze days. The mean values for the aerosol scattering coefficient (b_sp), aerosol absorption coefficient (b_ap) and single scattering albedo (SSA) were 288.7, 27.7 and 0.91 Mm^-1, respectively. A bi-peak distribution was observed for the mass concentrations of CO, NO, NO₂, and NO_x. More sulfate was produced during daytime than that in the evening due to photochemical reactions. The mass concentration of NH₄⁺ achieved a small peak at noontime. NO₃^- showed lower concentrations in the afternoon and higher concentrations in the early morning. There were obvious bi-peak diurnal patterns for bsp and bap as well as SSA. bsp and bap showed a positive correlation with PM_2.5 mass concentration. (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, organic mass, elemental carbon and coarse mass accounted for 21.7%, 19.3%, 31.0%, 9.3% and 12.3% of the total extinction coefficient during non-haze days, and 25.6%, 24.3%, 30.1%, 8.1% and 8.2% during hazy days. Organic matter was the largest contributor to light extinction. The contribution proportions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to light extinction were significantly higher during the hazy time than during the non-haze days.