Assessing water quality of drinking water distribution system in the South Taiwan

This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals, helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials, hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems.     

重金属汞对海洋底栖动物毛蚶和紫贻贝毒性效应研究

本文基于我国近海典型底栖双壳类生物毛蚶、紫贻贝急性和慢性毒性效应实验数据,分析了重金属汞对受试生物体质量、体长及消化腺超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)酶活力的影响,获取了无观察效应浓度(No Observed Effect Concentration, NOEC),并以生存率为反应终点分析计算了重金属汞的非检测毒性效应浓度及半致死浓度。结果表明,各实验组SOD酶活力的组内方差与组间方差的差异整体上并不显著(P > 0.05),实验周期内仅在个别时间处理组间存在显著性差异(P < 0.05);实验周期内毛蚶和紫贻贝体质量、体长的组内方差与组间方差并没有显著性差异(P > 0.1),体长及体质量不适合作为毒性效应的评价终点。重金属汞对毛蚶、紫贻贝的非检测毒性效应浓度分别为23.7 μg·L-1、87.8 μg·L-1,半致死浓度分别为683.4 μg·L-1、773.2 μg·L-1。     

重金属在水体中的化学状态、危害及其防治对策

本文对目前研究最多的汞、铬、镉、铅和砷等重金属,详细分析了它们在水体中的迁移转化、价态变化、吸附与解吸附作用、吸附和共沉淀作用等动态过程;简要地阐述五种重金属对水体的污染给人体带来的危害;重点讨论了对水体重金属污染采取控制与消除土壤污染源、含重金属工业废水的排放和生物修复技术等防治对策。     

充分发挥作物品种资源在粮食增产中的作用

我国十分重视品种资源的收集保存和研究利用，并利用各种优异品种资源育成一批又一批新品种，主要粮食作物推广的品种经历了４～５次更换，随之粮食作物产量由５０年代的１１５５ｋｇ／ｈm₂增加到１９９４年的４０６５ｋｇ／ｈm₂。迄今，我国收集的粮食作物品种资源约２４万份，并对其中２０万份进行了主要农艺性状、品质、抗逆、抗病虫鉴定和评价，筛选出大量具有优良性状的资源，有的已在我国粮食增产中发挥了明显作用，应充分利用新技术，加速现有粮食作物品种资源的鉴定和开发利用；根据生产和育种的需要，不断收集新资源，深入鉴定筛选优良资源；并创造新物种或中间材料。     

Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

Assessment and prediction of the effect of ageing on the adsorption of nonylphenol in black carbon-sediment systems

Black carbon (BC) is a promising sediment amendment, as proven by its considerable adsorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants and accessibility, but its reliability when used for the removal of pollutants in natural sediments still needs to be evaluated. For example, the ageing process, resulting in changing of surface physicochemical properties of BC, will decrease the adsorption capacity and performance of BC when applied to sediment pollution control. In this study, how the ageing process and BC proportion affect the adsorption capacity of BC-sediment systems was modelled and quantitatively investigated to predict their adsorption capacity under different ageing times and BC additions. The results showed that the ageing process decreased the adsorption capacity of both BC-sediment systems, due to the blockage of the non-linear adsorption sites of BC. The adsorption capacity of rice straw black carbon (RC)-sediment systems was higher than that of fly ash black carbon (FC)-sediment systems, indicating that RC is more efficient than FC for nonylphenol (NP) pollution control in sediment. The newly established model for the prediction of adsorption capacity fits the experimental data appropriately and yields acceptable predictions, especially when based on parameters from the Freundlich model. However, to fully reflect the influence of the ageing process on BC-sediment systems and make more precise predictions, it is recommended that future work considering more factors and conditions, such as modelling of the correlation between the adsorption capacity and the pore volume or specific surface area of BC, be applied to build an accurate and sound model.     

酰胺类除草剂对铜绿微囊藻的生长影响及氧化损伤效应

酰胺类除草剂的广泛使用对水生生态环境构成了潜在风险。为探究其对藻类的毒性作用,以铜绿微囊藻为对象,分别从藻类生长和氧化损伤效应角度探讨了甲草胺、乙草胺和丁草胺对铜绿微囊藻的毒性影响。实验结果显示,酰胺类除草剂对藻类的影响存在明显的滞后效应和剂量–效应关系,低浓度暴露组刺激藻类增长,高浓度表现为抑制作用;3种酰胺类除草剂增加了铜绿微囊藻的氧化压力,并随着暴露时间的延长和浓度的增加而增强。其中,藻体内过氧化脂质降解产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加,同时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性也显著增强。经96 h暴露后,甲草胺(32.0 mg·L~(-1))、乙草胺(32.0 mg·L~(-1))和丁草胺(15.0 mg·L~(-1))暴露溶液中相对MDA含量分别为138%、204%和154%,相对SOD活性分别为116%、87%和115%,相对POD活性分别475%、278%和627%。结合生物量及氧化损伤效应实验结果可知,3种除草剂对铜绿微囊藻的毒性大小顺序为丁草胺乙草胺甲草胺。     

生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

A synergetic model for implementing an integrated management system: an empirical study in China

The implementation and certification of quality, environmental and occupational health and safety management systems have become a priority for many organizations. They are viewed as symbol for success and prerequisite for survival. However, it has been proved to be difficult to operate multiple parallel management systems covering quality, environment, and occupational health and safety and to ensure their alignment with the organization's strategy. To investigate the current status of integrated management system (IMS), a structured questionnaire survey was administrated. It is concluded that the major problems for enterprises to operate multiple parallel management systems include: it causes complexity of internal management, it lowers management efficiency, it incurs cultural incompatibility, it causes employee hostility, and increases management costs. The survey also examined the internal and external factors that affect the implementation of IMS. The internal factors include: (1) human resources, (2) organizational structure, (3) company culture, and (4) understanding and perception. The external factors consist of: (1) technical guidance, (2) certification bodies, (3) stakeholders and customers, and (4) the institutional environment. The article proposes a multi-level synergy model (strategic synergy, organizational structural-resource-cultural synergy, and documentation synergy) for an effective implementation of IMS.     

回注采出水深度除油复合配方的优选

胜利油田郝一站采出水在回注时油及悬浮物含量均不达标，采用正交实验对比了三种絮凝剂聚合铝、MAX-2、HLW003L的作用效果，确定最佳絮凝剂为MAX-2,50℃、pH 7．0时将其与反相除油剂FX复合后使用，可使处理后水中含油〈10mg／L，悬浮物〈5mg／L，能满足中低渗透油藏的注水水质指标。