Study of using microfiltration and reverse osmosis membrane technologies for reclaiming cooling water in the power industry.

A study of using dual membrane technologies, microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), for reclaiming blowdown of the cooling tower was conducted at ZJK power plant, Hebei province, China. The study shows that the combined MF-RO system can effectively reduce water consumption in the power industry. The results indicate that MF process is capable of producing a filtrate suitable for RO treatment and achieving a silt density index (SDI) less than 2, turbidity of 0.2 NTU. The water quality of RO effluent is very good with an average conductivity of about 40 micros/cm and rejection of 98%. The product water is suitable for injection into the cooling tower to counteract with cooling water intrusion. After adopting this system, water-saving effectiveness as expressed in terms of cycles of concentration could be increased from 2.5-2.8 times to 5 times.     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A²/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳。在充分分析传统A²/O工艺的基础上，提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面，厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A²/O工艺。某污水厂的现场试验表明，在COD去除能力与常规A²/O工艺相当的情况下，倒置A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A²/O工艺。     

海洋柴油溢油油水快速分离的应用研究

针对海洋柴油溢油,采用破乳剂对油水快速分离进行了研究.分别对油水比、温度、破乳剂量及存在Ca2 、Mg2 的影响因素,进行了系列油水快速分离试验,并测定了破乳剂作用下乳液的界面张力.试验结果表明,柴油溢油形成的乳液稳定性较差,油水分离较容易,但分离后的水中含油量较高.加入聚醚类非离子型破乳剂FA、FB、FC和FD,可达到油水低温、快速分离的目的,且分离后的水中含油量较低.随着破乳剂浓度的增加,界面张力降低,当破乳剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,界面张力最小,脱水效果最好.Ca2 、Mg2 对聚醚类非离子型破乳剂的影响很小.     

啤酒生产废水处理设计及运行研究

分析了年产15万t啤酒的生产废水情况,介绍了采用IC厌氧反应器-一体化氧化沟处理该生产废水(7 200 m3/d)的工艺路线和主要设计参数,讨论了废水处理系统的运行情况.其中IC厌氧反应器的HRT为8 h,运行温度为35～37 ℃;一体化氧化沟包括氧化沟段和沉淀池段,总尺寸为40 m×24 m×6 m.IC厌氧反应器COD容积负荷在7.78 kg/(m3·d)时,COD去除率为84%左右.整套废水处理系统的COD总去除率为98%左右,出水COD小于80 mg/L.厌氧所产生的沼气可用于废水的升温.     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Radiocarbon content of synthetic and natural semi-volatile halogenated organic compounds

Some halogenated organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been suggested to have natural sources but separating these compounds from their commercially synthesized counterparts is difficult. Molecular-level 14C analysis may be beneficial since most synthetic compounds are manufactured from petrochemicals (14C-free) and natural compounds should have "modern" or "contemporary" 14C levels. As a baseline study, we measured, for the first time, the 14C abundance in commercial PCB and PBDE mixtures, a number of organochlorine pesticides, as well as one natural product 2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dibromoanisole. The latter compound was isolated from a marine sponge and is similar in structure to a PBDE. All of the synthetic compounds were 14C-free except for the pesticide toxaphene. which had a modern 14C abundance, as did the brominated natural compound. The result for toxaphene was not surprising since it was commercially synthesized by the chlorination of camphene derived from pine trees. These results suggest that measuring the 14C content of halogenated organic compounds may be quite useful in establishing whether organic compounds encountered in the environment have natural or synthetic origins (or both) provided that any synthetic counterparts derive from petrochemical feedstock.     

Mechanism of PCBs formation from the pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were formed by pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes in a HCl atmosphere. Varieties of substituted chlorobenzenes were used as model compounds to optimize the condensation reaction. Lower chlorinated benzenes produce more PCBs than that of higher ones. Up to 0.7 microg PCBs/mg 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene was produced through the condensation reaction.     

Comparative studies of the Fe–UV, H2O2–UV, TiO2–UV/vis systems for the decolorization of a textile dye X-3B in water

The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ  320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe²⁺–H₂O₂–UV  Fe²⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂–UV > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–TiO₂–UV > TiO₂–UV > Fe³⁺–UV > TiO₂–visible light (λ  450 nm) > H₂O₂–UV > Fe²⁺–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity.     

污水在水体中的稀释扩散及稀释度的计算

结合长江白龙港水域水力模型试验对污水排海工程中污水稀释扩散的机理进行了描述，并对污水的两种稀释度（浓度释稀度和体积稀释度）进行了分析比较，得出了在污染物本底值存在时两种稀释度之间的关系。     

酸性媒介黄GG生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验研究酸性媒介黄GG染料在厌氧、好氧条件下的生物降解机理、降解能力及共代谢降解效果.试验结果表明,厌氧菌能够通过葡萄糖共代谢作用很快降解酸性媒介黄GG;而好氧条件下经驯化活性污泥不能降解酸性媒介黄GG,经过较长时间驯化活性污泥能降解酸性媒介黄GG,但降解效果很差.葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高酸性媒介黄GG厌氧生物降解率有利,当葡萄糖浓度为2000 mg/L时,40mg/L酸性媒介黄GG的12和60 h厌氧生物降解率分别达到81.5%和93.5%.酸性媒介黄GG浓度对厌氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响.当葡萄糖浓度为2000 mg/L,酸性媒介黄GG(浓度为20～100 mg/L)的厌氧降解率最好,降解效率达到了94%,说明厌氧菌对酸性媒介黄GG的降解能力较好.