不同菌糠生物炭对水体中Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能

以菌糠废弃物为原料,采用限氧裂解法在500℃条件下制备香菇菌糠、猴头菇菌糠和平菇菌糠生物炭(LEBC、HEBC和POBC).利用SEM、XRD和FTIR等方法对吸附剂进行了表征;通过吸附动力学、等温吸附、生物炭酸化实验探究了3种菌糠生物炭去除水溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的效果及机理.结果表明,在溶液初始pH 2—3时,3种菌糠生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附量急剧增加.LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,对Cu~(2+)的吸附速率分别为10.15×10~(-3)、7.08×10~(-3)、0.69×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1),对Cd~(2+)的吸附速率分别为6.53×10~(-3)、5.19×10~(-3)、0.26×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1).不同浓度下LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量依次为56.74、11.98、77.32 mg·g~(-1);而Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为74.26、36.49、70.2 mg·g~(-1).LEBC在较短的时间内能达到较大的吸附量,可作为去除水体中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的优质吸附剂.XRD和FTIR等分析结果表明生物炭对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附机制包括物理吸附、阳离子-π作用、官能团络合及沉淀.3种生物炭经酸化处理后,对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附能力显著下降,表明生物炭中碳酸盐引起的Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)表面沉淀在吸附过程中起重要作用.     

Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

• Pesticide residuals on mulching film of Shandong, Tianjin and Hebei. • Detected 29 pesticides in soil and 30 in mulching film. • Pesticides on plastic films: 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g and in soil: 9.3‒535.3 ng/g. • Pesticides on plastic films 20 times higher than in soil. Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years. The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films. Based on the QuEChERS method, multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong. The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris, which was about 20 times higher than that in soil (9.3‒535.3 ng/g). Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples. The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil. In short, plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.     

Diphenylarsinic acid sorption mechanisms in soils using batch experiments and EXAFS spectroscopy

• DPAA sorption data was found to fit the Freundlich equation. • K_f was significantly positive correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. • Ligand exchange was the main mechanism for DPAA sorption on soils. • Bidentate binuclear and monodentate mononuclear DPAA bonds were identified. Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a phenyl arsenic compound derived from chemical warfare weapons. Macroscopic and microscopic work on DPAA sorption will provide useful information in predicting the partitioning and mobility of DPAA in the soil-water environment. Here, batch experiments and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were used to investigate the sorption mechanisms of DPAA. The DPAA sorption data from 11 soil types was found to fit the Freundlich equation, and the sorption capacity, K_f, was significantly and positively correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. The K_f values of eight of the 11 untreated soils (1.51–113.04) significantly decreased upon removal of amorphous metal (hydr)oxides (0.51–13.37). When both amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxides were removed from the untreated soils, the K_f values either decreased or slightly increased (0.65–3.09). Subsequent removal of soil organic matter from these amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxide-depleted samples led to further decreases in K_f to 0.02–1.38, with only one exception (Sulfic Aquic-Orthic Halosols). These findings strongly suggest that ligand exchange reactions with amorphous metal (hydr)oxides contribute most to DPAA sorption on soils. EXAFS data provide further evidence that DPAA primarily formed bidentate binuclear (²C) and monodentate mononuclear (¹V) coring-sharing complexes with As-Fe distances of 3.34 and 3.66 Å, respectively, on Fe (hydr)oxides. Comparison of these results with earlier studies suggests that ²C and ¹V complexes of DPAA may be favored under low and high surface coverages, respectively, with the formation of ¹V bonds possibly conserving the sorption sites or decreasing the steric hindrance derived from phenyl substituents.     

基于改进电桥法的直流系统接地故障检测方法

直流系统的稳定性影响着发电厂和变电站的安全运行,介绍了几种传统的直流系统接地故障检测方法,并分析了每种方法的优缺点。针对传统直流系统接地故障检测方法的不足,提出了一种基于改进电桥法的故障检测方法,通过两次投切检测电阻来检测电桥上的不平衡电流和支路漏电流,计算得出接地电阻并快速找出故障支路,通过对比分析发现改进电桥法的测量准确性更高。     

水温对慢滤池深度处理污水的性能影响

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,利用一套小试装置研究了水温对慢滤池性能的影响。对比慢滤池在冬季和夏季的运行数据,结果发现:从夏季(23~25℃)转到冬季(10~14℃)时,慢滤池对浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数的去除率分别下降了12.5%、26.5%、22.9%和5.8%。水温下降后,虽然慢滤除污染物的整体效果下降,但却对各污染指标表现出不同的规律:水温对COD去除影响最大,而对浊度去除的影响相对较小。在慢滤进水浊度较低的情况下,水温对色度去除的影响程度会位于对COD去除和浊度去除的影响程度之间。无论温度如何变化,慢滤均能保持良好的细菌去除效果。     

城市污水厂污泥替代营养盐培养海水小球藻的研究

为了城市污水厂污泥的资源化利用,对污泥替代F/2培养基培养海水小球藻(Chlorella pacifica)进行了研究。首先采用研磨-离心法制备污泥抽提液,将其与F/2培养基按体积比7∶3混合,接种微藻并在优化的条件下培养6 d,逐日测定混合液中无机氮、磷的浓度,培养结束后测定微藻生物量以及干藻中蛋白质、氨基酸和重金属含量。结果表明,将微藻在最佳条件下培养6 d后,混合液中PO34--P、NO2--N、NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收率分别达到97.32%、96.72%、97.55%和78.13%;与F/2培养基对照组相比,混合液中微藻的生物量增加11.5%;蛋白质、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的含量变化不大。另外,干藻中的重金属含量符合饲料行业标准的要求。     

辽中地区酸雨特征及主控因子研究

近年来,以辽中工业群为代表的北方地区酸雨污染问题备受关注,对区域经济社会发展正在形成越来越明显的影响。为了深入了解辽中工业群地区酸雨污染特征,本研究利用XHARS30C酸雨自动采样仪系统采集了辽中地区2007年2月-2008年1月为期1年的降水样品,通过对降水样品pH值、主要阴阳离子组成的测定,分析了辽中地区酸雨的特征以及影响降水酸度的主要因素。结果表明,观测期间辽中地区降水pH值平均为5.15,酸雨频率为69.4%;雨水的主要离子组成为SO42-、NO3-和NH4+、Ca2+、Mg2+;在降雨过程中5种离子中的SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Mg2+随降雨增加浓度呈U型变化,而Ca2+无明显规律;SO42-为主导性酸性离子,但NO3-对雨水酸度的影响不可忽视;辽中降水中起主要中和作用的是扬尘中的Mg化合物和与人类活动密切相关的NH3,扬尘中含Ca化合物中和作用相对较小。     

土地利用结构优化研究综述

从系统分析的观点出发总结了目前土地利用结构优化模型,包括模型的发展回顾、建模方法和建模的步骤等。土地利用结构优化以建模理论进行划分,可分为：基于适宜性评价理论的优化模型、基于景观生态学理论的优化模型和基于复杂适应系统理论的优化模型;以建模的方法划分,可分为：线性模型和非线性模型。通过优化模型建立的方法对线性规划模型、多目标规划模型、灰色线性规划模型和系统动力学模型进行归纳。在此基础上概括出基于GIS的土地利用结构优化的两种模型：以数量优化和适宜性评价为核心的空间配置优化模型和以元胞自动机模拟演化为核心的优化模型,归纳出空间优化配置模型的建模步骤：预处理、数量优化、空间优化、评价结果4个步骤;元胞自动机演化模型的建模步骤：系统定义、系统抽象、模型实现、方法验证、模型校正和应用6个步骤,并针对模型的优缺点进行评价。指出作为土地资源可持续利用的有效手段,以元胞自动机模型为核心的多模型耦合和系统集成的土地利用优化模式将会是今后土地利用结构优化的发展趋势。     

"移民-产业-环境"共生型流域规划方法研究——以金沙江中游为例

基于移民 产业 环境协调发展的内涵,引入共生理论,分析其在流域综合规划研究中的适用性。以金沙江中游优势产业与移民可持续发展规划为实证,建构了其应用分析框架：(1)建构了以系统论、共生理论和人本主义为哲学方法论,以共生型流域规划的科学思维、制定共生型流域规划的工作方法为科学层次基本方法,以共生型流域规划的基本思路、技术程序及其中关键步骤所采用的具体方法等为实践层次的具体方法的"移民 优势产业 环境"共生型流域规划的方法体系;(2)论证了共生理论应用分析的重点内容及其具体化方法,并阐述了共生型流域规划的基本特征和应用前景.     

巢湖浮游植物群落生态位的研究

运用物种间Levins生态位宽度和Petrailis生态位重叠计算公式分析了3月份巢湖东区和西区的24种优势浮游植物的生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度,并以这两个参数为基础研究浮游植物物种间生态关系及它们与周围环境的相互影响。结果表明巢湖东区星形冠盘藻、啮蚀隐藻、颗粒直链藻最窄变种等10个种的生态位较宽,均大于3,而巢湖西区生态位较宽的主要有星形冠盘藻、啮蚀隐藻、卵形隐藻等9个种;研究结果还表明以生态位变动幅度大的种类作为水质指示种有更可靠的生态学意义,因此确定了以颗粒直链藻最窄变种、水华鱼腥藻和星杆藻sp.这3种藻作为巢湖水体区域污染状态的指示种。生态位重叠表明在巢湖东区蛋白核小球藻的发展速度最快;在巢湖西区星杆藻sp.的发展速度最快;巢湖西区的发展种比东区的发展种更多,大多数为耐污染的种。随后4月份进行了浮游植物群落组成调查,比较2次采样群落结构差异,验证了浮游植物生态位模型在巢湖鱼腥藻水华预测方面应用的可靠性。