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711.
Qing Yu Meng Dalia Spector Steven Colome Barbara Turpin 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(36):5750-5758
Effects of physical/environmental factors on fine particle (PM2.5) exposure, outdoor-to-indoor transport and air exchange rate (AER) were examined. The fraction of ambient PM2.5 found indoors (FINF) and the fraction to which people are exposed (α) modify personal exposure to ambient PM2.5. Because FINF, α, and AER are infrequently measured, some have used air conditioning (AC) as a modifier of ambient PM2.5 exposure. We found no single variable that was a good predictor of AER. About 50% and 40% of the variation in FINF and α, respectively, was explained by AER and other activity variables. AER alone explained 36% and 24% of the variations in FINF and α, respectively. Each other predictor, including Central AC Operation, accounted for less than 4% of the variation. This highlights the importance of AER measurements to predict FINF and α. Evidence presented suggests that outdoor temperature and home ventilation features affect particle losses as well as AER, and the effects differ.Total personal exposures to PM2.5 mass/species were reconstructed using personal activity and microenvironmental methods, and compared to direct personal measurement. Outdoor concentration was the dominant predictor of (partial R2 = 30–70%) and the largest contributor to (20–90%) indoor and personal exposures for PM2.5 mass and most species. Several activities had a dramatic impact on personal PM2.5 mass/species exposures for the few study participants exposed to or engaged in them, including smoking and woodworking. Incorporating personal activities (in addition to outdoor PM2.5) improved the predictive power of the personal activity model for PM2.5 mass/species; more detailed information about personal activities and indoor sources is needed for further improvement (especially for Ca, K, OC). Adequate accounting for particle penetration and persistence indoors and for exposure to non-ambient sources could potentially increase the power of epidemiological analyses linking health effects to particulate exposures. 相似文献
712.
Aquatic organotin pollution in Taiwan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The current status of aquatic organotin pollution in Taiwan is reviewed. In freshwater sediments and biota, especially in rice-field related habitats, phenyltins (PTs) were dominant among the organotin pollutants, whereas butyltins (BTs) were usually predominant in marine environments. Among the marine habitats, contamination levels were found to be in the descending order of harbour and estuary>fish cultural site>coastal>offshore>coral reefs. Imposex snails were observed in all the sampling years (1990-2003). Meanwhile, organotin concentrations were greater in winter than those in summer, whereas proportions of PTs were much higher in summer than in winter. Due to the lack of continuous monitoring data, the effectiveness of the ban on TPT usage in agriculture in 1999 and the prohibition of TBT use on small boats in 2003 is still not known. 相似文献
713.
714.
新型生物絮凝剂——生物材料的絮凝效果评价 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
自制生物材料是一种新型生物絮凝剂,分别以BSA溶液、果汁溶液、泥土混浊液为研究对象,与其他四种常用絮凝剂相比,其絮凝效果优于其他絮凝絮凝剂,然后,研究其絮凝剂用量与絮凝效果的关系,絮凝动力学等。 相似文献
715.
基于土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益估算——以岷江上游地区为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
为了定量分析和比较区域生态服务功能及其价值变化,运用中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表和岷江上游流域单位面积农田生态系统提供的食物生产服务的经济价值,以及分析1986、1995和2000年三期TM遥感影像所得到的土地利用情况,对岷江上游地区不同年代的生态服务价值变化进行了估算和比较。并初步分析了生态服务价值变化的原因。1986~1995年,农田面积增加了60 801 hm2,比1986年增长了477%。林地面积减少了89 01217 hm2,占原来面积的497%。总的生态服务价值从1986年到2000年减少了1199×108元。主要是由于人口的增加和森林的砍伐,导致森林面积减少,转变为草地、农田等土地利用类型。通过1995年和2000年对比得出:自从1998年实施“天然林保护工程”政策以来,到2000年森林生态系统面积与1995年相差约4 16528 hm2,生态服务价值相差约79亿元,可见国家政策在保护生态系统服务功能上虽起到了一定的作用,但与1986年相比还相差甚远,天然林保护工程任重而道远。 相似文献
716.
赣江流域浮游植物群落结构与功能类群划分 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
2009~2010年3次对赣江流域浮游植物群落特征进行淡水生态学调查,鉴定出包括绿藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门、甲藻门、隐藻门、黄藻门及金藻门在内的浮游植物共8门109属312种(包括变种、变型)。硅藻门和绿藻门无论是在物种数还是在种群密度上均为赣江流域的优势类群。对所鉴定出的种类按功能类群划分,共划分出功能类群32个,以此建立赣江流域浮游植物功能类群特征表(基于生境、耐受性和敏感性)。本研究首次在国内大型河流中开展浮游植物功能类群的划分,划分结果显示赣江流域浮游植物种数和密度占优势的功能类群,多适宜生活在中营养-富营养化水体,这反映出赣江水体环境已经受到了一定程度的人为干扰,水体呈现富营养化趋势。功能类群划分是理解浮游植物群落的重要工具,但是使用该方法必须检查物种的分类是否符合该生物体的个体生态特征 相似文献
717.
Yuan Meng Weiyi Liu Xiaohui Liu Jinlan Zhang Meng Peng Tingting Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(3):260-281
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) and different ionization constants (pKa) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logKow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions. 相似文献
718.
采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差. 相似文献
719.
720.
Chin-Kai Meng Stephen L Werner Edward T Furlong 《环境化学》2008,27(1):127-130
使用固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱,在正离子和负离子模式下,分别分析了46个和14个农药化合物.无需衍生化,就能达到pg水平的分析灵敏度.对于所有农药的化合物,在5 pg-1 ng的范围内具有很好的线性. 相似文献