Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) with anaerobic filter (AF) system

In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state(UASS)with anaerobic filter(AF) system, the effect of microaeration on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0–431 m L O2/gvswere conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431 m L O2/gvsincreased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0–355 m L O2/gvswere conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved oxygen(DO) of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39 ±0.27 and 0.99 ± 0.38 mg/L, respectively. p H was relatively stable around 7.11 ± 0.04. Volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85 ± 7 m L/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system showed good oxygen tolerance capacity.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属稳定化技术综述

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,含有汞、铅、镉等多种重金属,重金属在特定条件下会浸出,因此飞灰在填埋处置前须进行稳定化处理.分析了目前常用的水泥固化、熔融固化、化学药剂稳定化三种飞灰稳定化技术的优缺点,重点介绍了目前常用的化学药剂稳定化技术中有机重金属螯合剂(水溶性的螯合高分子,与重金属离子反应形成不溶于水的高分子螯合物,从而使飞灰中的重金属固定下来)的种类和研究应用情况,以期为垃圾焚烧企业飞灰稳定化处理提供相应的技术支持.     

旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz)对Pb的耐性、富集、转运与胁迫响应研究

耐性机理的系统解析对于旱柳在土壤Pb污染控制上的应用具有重要意义.为了明确旱柳对Pb的耐性机理,通过盆栽试验研究了旱柳对Pb的耐性、富集、转运特征,采用STEM、EDAX、FTIR分析了旱柳对Pb的胁迫响应机制.结果表明:低含量(≤600 mg·kg-1)Pb对旱柳生长有促进作用,高含量(≥1000 mg·kg-1)Pb明显抑制旱柳的生长;旱柳对Pb具有很高的耐性,耐性指数TI(%)可达108.32,属Pb高耐性植物;旱柳对Pb的富集能力较强,富集系数均值可达7.5773,而对Pb的转运能力较弱,转运系数均小于1;低含量Pb胁迫不影响叶绿素的合成,也不会促生丙二醛(MDA),而高含量Pb胁迫明显抑制叶绿素的合成,促使MDA大量生成,导致严重的细胞膜脂过氧化和膜损伤;抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)及可溶性蛋白能够对低含量Pb胁迫做出积极有效的响应,但无法清除高含量Pb胁迫所产生的毒害;扫描透射电镜(STEM)分析表明,Pb胁迫使根系发黑、萎蔫,茎部破败、堵塞,叶片褶皱、卷曲,破坏气孔结构;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,Pb胁迫使导致膜脂过氧化和膜损伤的自由羟基增多,而使对Pb具有络合、螯合作用的连生羟基、巯基、羰基数量减少;能谱(EDAX)分析表明,Pb胁迫抑制了Ca、K的吸收,同时干扰其他矿质元素的吸收利用.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in e-waste: Level and transfer in a typical e-waste recycling site in Shanghai,Eastern China

Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the electronic waste (e-waste) as one of the most PBDEs emission source. This study reported concentrations of PBDEs in e-waste including printer, rice cooker, computer monitor, TV, electric iron and water dispenser, as well as dust from e-waste, e-waste dismantling workshop and surface soil from inside and outside of an e-waste recycling plant in Shanghai, Eastern China. The results showed that PBDEs were detected in the majority of e-waste, and the concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from not detected to 175 g/kg, with a mean value of 10.8 g/kg. PBDEs were found in TVs made in China after 1990. The mean concentrations of ΣPBDEs in e-waste made in Korea, Japan, Singapore and China were 1.84 g/kg, 20.5 g/kg, 0.91 g/kg, 4.48 g/kg, respectively. The levels of ΣPBDEs in e-waste made in Japan far exceed the threshold limit of RoHS (1.00 g/kg). BDE-209 dominated in e-waste, accounting for over 93%. The compositional patterns of PBDEs congeners resembled the profile of Saytex 102E, indicating the source of deca-BDE. Among the samples of dust and surface soil from a typical e-waste recycling site, the highest concentrations of Σ₁₈PBDEs and BDE-209 were found in dust in e-waste, ranging from 1960 to 340,710 ng/g and from 910 to 320,400 ng/g, which were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than other samples. It suggested that PBDEs released from e-waste via dust, and then transferred to surrounding environment.     

Impact of cleaner production on business performance

Extensive research has examined the relationship between environmental management/performance and business performance but yielded no conclusive results. This paper makes two contributions to the literature. First, instead of focusing on one aspect, we try to compare using various types of cleaner production activities: low- and high-cost activities. Second, the study complements the existing literature which focuses on firms in developed countries with an analysis of firms in the Chinese manufacturing industry. In this paper, the relationship between cleaner production and business performance was analyzed using Structure Equation Model (SEM). We find an overall positive impact of cleaner production on firm's business performance. We also found that the cleaner production activities of low-cost scheme have a bigger contribution to financial performance compared to non-financial performance, while cleaner production activities of high-cost scheme have a greater contribution to non-financial performance, compared to financial performance. This study should be useful for firms that consider adopting cleaner production as well as stakeholders who aim to promote cleaner production.     

Sustainable Tourism Development Management of Local Cultural Landscapes

Nowa days, ecological and cultural tourism, especially those ancient villages and towns in China, have attracted an increasing number of tourists because of their unique cultural features. However, rapid development of tourism brings economic benefits, but results in a series of problems that threaten further tourism development and protection of ancient towns, such as over-commercialization and tourism urbanization. Taking Longmen ancient town as an example, this paper presented a sustainable way of preserving and developing resources of ancient villages and towns. First, identify cultural features and the extent of ancient villages and towns, and find the approach through which a cultural landscape zoning can be applied. Second, define a cooperative function area to release the pressure on core areas and protect their authentic cultures by extending tourism space. Third, balance tourism development with traditional industries to enhance the sustainability of community economies.     

The potential risk assessment for different arsenic species in the aquatic environment

The different toxicity characteristics of arsenic species result in discrepant ecological risk.The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) 43.65, 250.18, and 2.00 × 103μg/L were calculated for As(III), As(V), and dimethylarsinic acid in aqueous phase, respectively. With these PNECs, the ecological risk from arsenic species in Pearl River Delta in China and Kwabrafo stream in Ghana was evaluated. It was found that the risk from As(III) and As(V)in the samples from Pearl River Delta was low, while much high in Kwabrafo stream. This study implies that ecological risk of arsenic should be evaluated basing on its species.     

非均相催化氧化处理焦化废水

研究了非均相催化氧化处理焦化废水的效果。实验得出处理焦化废水的最佳条件：采用经质量浓度为80g／L的硝酸铜溶液浸渍后的γ—Al2O,为催化剂,废水pH为3,催化剂体积分数为40％,H2O2体积分数为4％,反应时间3h以上。原水经处理后COD由4540mg／L降至600mg／L以下,氨氮质量浓度由552mg／L降至160mg／L以下。