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811.
In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China,
including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM
implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns
shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged
forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from
the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification.
At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the
achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key
Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests,
a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of
the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China. 相似文献
812.
The efficiency of Taiwan's waste management and resource recycling systems has been well recognized in recent years, but the present model used to locate recycling centers and to assign collection depots to those centers continues to show low efficiency. To address this issue, the study herein suggests implementing a new location-planning and assignment model to reduce the number of existing recycling centers. Such a reduction would reduce the use of land resources. Moreover, the total transportation distance would decrease through the efficient assignment of collection depots to recycling centers. On the basis of results from previous studies, this study proposes a 2-stage location set covering problem-P-median integrated model that obtains exact solutions using heuristic algorithms on the basis of set operations. The results of numerical analyses show that the model introduced in this study is effective in solving the problems stated above as well as in improving the layout of Taiwan's existing recycling centers. 相似文献
813.
阶梯水平井作为一种特殊水平井,是开采低渗透、薄油藏的有效途径,然而,针对小井眼双阶梯水平井,由于钻具重量有限,定向滑动钻进过程中,钻压的施加极为困难,直接关系到钻井安全。分析了小井眼双阶梯水平井摩阻产生的原因,形成了以改善接触正压力和摩擦系数为主的小井眼双阶梯水平井降摩阻配套技术,并进行了现场应用。结果表明,通过简化井身结构,增加下部钻具的柔性,改善钻具与井眼之间的间隙,优化井眼轨道类型、靶前位移及造斜率,采用强抑制低摩阻低伤害暂堵钻井液体系等配套技术措施,可降低钻井过程中的摩阻,在确保安全钻井情况下,能有效地提高机械钻速,成功实现地质钻探目的,平均砂岩钻遇率为70.4%,为小井眼双阶梯水平井提供借鉴作用。 相似文献
814.
Zhulu Lin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2011,47(2):287-302
Lin, Zhulu, 2011. Estimating Water Budgets and Vertical Leakages for Karst Lakes in North‐Central Florida (United States) Via Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00513.x Abstract: Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are closely hydrologically connected karst lakes located in north‐central Florida, United States. The complex karst hydrology in this region poses a great challenge to the hydrological modeling that is essential to the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads for these lakes. We used a Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran model coupled with the parallel Parameter ESTimation model calibration and uncertainty analysis software to estimate effectively the hydrological interactions between the lakes and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer and the water budgets for these three lakes. The net results of the lake‐groundwater interactions in Newnans and Orange Lakes are that both lakes recharge the underlying upper Floridan aquifer, with the recharge rate of the latter one magnitude greater than that of the former. However, for Lochloosa Lake, the net lake‐groundwater interaction is that the lake gains water from groundwater in a significant amount, approximately 40% of its total terrestrial water input. The annual average vertical leakages estimated for Newnans, Lochloosa, and Orange Lakes are 6.0 × 106, ?8.9 × 106, and 44.4 × 106 m3, respectively. The average vertical hydraulic conductance (Kv/b) of the units between a lake bottom and the underlying upper Floridan aquifer in this region are also estimated to be from 1.26 × 10?4 to 1.01 × 10?3 day?1. 相似文献
815.
816.
Optimizing model for land use/land cover retrieval from remote sensing imagery based on variable precision rough sets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The suitable spectral mode in remote sensing is often desirable to facilitate the inversion of ecological environment and landscape. This paper put forward an optimizing model based on variable precision rough sets (VPRS) for the land cover discrimination in wetland inventory. In the case study of Lake Baiyangdian which has important ecological functions to the northern China, this model is established successfully according to the domain-experts knowledge. The procedure is as follows. First step is data collection, including remote-sensing data (e.g., Landsat-5 TM bands), the digitized relief maps, and statistical yearbooks. Second, the remote sensing imagery (RSI) and relief maps are co-registered into the same resolution. Third, a condition set, including various attributes is derived from spectral bands, band math or ratio indices based on previous studies, at the same time, the decision set is derived from true land types after investigation and validation. Then, the remote sensing decision table (RSDT) is constructed by linking condition set with decision set according to the sequential pixels in RSI. Fourth, we create one forward greedy searching algorithm based on VPRS to handle this RSDT. After adjusting parameters such as β and knowledge granularity diameter (KGD), we obtain the stable optimized results. Comparative experiments and evaluation show that the discrimination or retrieval accuracy of VPRS model is satisfying (overall accuracy: 87.32% and KHAT: 0.84) and better than original data. Moreover, data dimension has been decreased dramatically (from 12 to 3) and key attributes found by the model may be useful for specific retrieval in wetland inventories. 相似文献
817.
依据自然雪被分布的差异,在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸中设置3条样带(即深雪、中等厚度雪被和浅雪),于2008年的秋冬过渡期,连续监测各样带中的雪被厚度和土壤温度,并采用原位培养法测定每月的土壤氮素氨化、硝化和矿化速率,以研究不同厚度雪被对高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响.结果表明,月均土温、每月日最高土温均值分别与雪被厚度极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.576,0.685),且根据每月日最高土温均值与雪被厚度的二次函数关系方程可知,25 cm厚的雪被可以起到较好的隔绝效果;土壤含水量受雪被厚度和土壤温差两个因素的显著影响.在秋冬过渡期末,浅雪梯度下土壤硝态氮含量显著降低,且雪被下的净氮矿化速率与月均土温、每月日最高土温均值、每月日最低土温均值都分别呈极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.589,0.541,0.601).研究表明,不同厚度的雪被对土壤温度和含水量影响显著,从而显著地影响着土壤氮的矿化,深雪更有利于氨化、硝化和氮矿化.图7表2参36 相似文献
818.
Anping Zhang Xuemei Xie Jing Ye Chunmian Lin Xiaoyan Hu 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(3):369-373
In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from
environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides
on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon
and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between
the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed
higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl
acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers. 相似文献
819.
变化环境下北江下游年径流量的加权马尔可夫链预测 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,西北江的水文环境发生了重大变化,导致北江下游的来水条件发生变化。采用斯波曼检验(Spearman’s rho test)和Mann-kendall法系统地分析了北江下游的年径流量的变化趋势和变异情况,在此基础上建立了北江下游变化环境下年径流量的加权马尔可夫链预测模型。结果表明:西北江近50年来的大规模联围筑闸、大规模无序采掘河床泥沙等剧烈的人类活动,导致北江下游三水水文站年径流量在1990年左右发生了变异;所建立的加权马尔可夫链预测结果表明,从变异后的序列中统计出来的状态"转移概率"矩阵,能准确地反映出环境变化后年径流量之间的关系,所建立的加权马尔可夫链法预测变化环境下的年径流量是可行的,预测效果也比较好;按文章确定的分级标准,依现有的资料信息推断,环境发生变化后,在未来长期过程中,北江下游出现平水年的机会最大,但年际间的丰枯波动概率也不小。这一结果值得水资源管理部门注意。 相似文献
820.
类二噁英多氯联苯生殖毒性的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
类二噁英多氯联苯(DlPCBs)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,会干扰接触个体或其后代的内分泌功能,破坏机体的神经系统、免疫系统,尤其对生殖系统的影响最为明显,比如对生殖器官的形态与功能、生殖内分泌、原始生殖细胞及其受精和早期胚胎发育等产生严重影响,最终导致各种生殖系统疾病的发生。DlPCBs的蓄积性及半挥发性使其在环境中分布广泛,半衰期长的特点使其将对动物及人类的生存和健康造成难以想象的影响。本文综述了DlPCBs的分类与构成、一般性质、生殖毒性以及其可能的致病机理,并对DlPCBs生殖毒性机理研究的重点方向进行了展望。 相似文献