灾后重建土地利用规划环评重点内容解析与实证

在对四川汶川灾后重建土地利用规划环境影响评价区域与评价对象特征进行分析的基础上,对规划实施的主要资源环境制约因素进行了识别与分析,进而分析并确定了其评价要点;结合灾后重建土地规划环评实践工作,对评价重点内容与要点进行了初步应用。     

Risk to humans of consuming metals in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta

Concentrations of metals were determined in four species of anchovy (Coilia sp.) from the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake in Jiangsu Province, China. Concentrations of Cr in anchovy fish muscle ranged from 2.6 × 10⁻² to 5.0 mg/kg ww, and Coilia nasus taihuensis in Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake contained the highest concentrations of Cr, which was almost 111-fold higher than the mean value at other locations. Concentrations of Pb ranged from 1.5 × 10⁻² to 1.3 × 10⁻¹ mg/kg ww. Comparisons of concentrations of lead (Pb) among the four species indicated that anadromous species contained higher concentrations of Pb than did freshwater species. However, concentrations of Pb in C. nasus from the Nanjing and Haimen locations in the Yangtze River were not significant higher than those of two freshwater species: C. nasus taihuensis from Taihu Lake and C. brachygnathus from Hongze Lake (Duncan’s test, α = 0.05). While concentrations of Cd and Zn ranged from 7.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 3.6 × 10⁻³ mg/kg ww and 3.4 to 4.8 mg/kg ww, respectively, there were no significant differences in concentrations among the eight locations. The only concentration of the metals studied that exceeded the Chinese National Standard was Cr in Coilia from Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake, which was 2.5-fold higher than the standard. These results indicate that people who consume the genus Coilia are not at risk due to concentrations of metals, except Cr in C. nasus taihuensis from Jiaoshan in Taihu Lake. Concentrations of all of the metals studied except for Cr were similar to or less than those of metals in most other areas in the world.     

Methane and carbon dioxide production from simulated anaerobic degradation of cattle carcasses

Approximately 2.2million cattle carcasses require disposal annually in the United States. Land burial is a convenient disposal method that has been widely used in animal production for disposal of both daily mortalities as well as during catastrophic mortality events. To date, greenhouse gas production after mortality burial has not been quantified, and this study represents the first attempt to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from land burial of animal carcasses. In this study, anaerobic decomposition of both homogenized and unhomogenized cattle carcass material was investigated using bench-scale reactors. Maximum yields of methane and carbon dioxide were 0.33 and 0.09m(3)/kg dry material, respectively, a higher methane yield than that previously reported for municipal solid waste. Variability in methane production rates were observed over time and between reactors. Based on our laboratory data, annual methane emissions from burial of cattle mortalities in the United States could total 1.6Tg CO(2) equivalents. Although this represents less than 1% of total emissions produced by the agricultural sector in 2009, greenhouse gas emissions from animal carcass burial may be significant if disposal of swine and poultry carcasses is also considered.     

聚合硫酸铁制备方法研究及其发展

聚合硫酸铁是一种优质高效无机高分子絮凝剂,在水处理领域中有良好的应用前景.本文探讨和综述了聚合硫酸铁制备方法的研究现状和发展趋势,并比较了各种方法的优缺点.内容包括:直接氧化法、催化氧化法、一步法、两步法、微生物氧化法以及其它一些新颖的制备方法.     

仪表控制与空气分离生产安全的探讨

在传统生产中,人们往往忽略仪器对安全的作用,简述仪器在空气分离生产中的应用及作用.     

海泡石、膨润土改性壳聚糖对景观水絮凝效果的研究

壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土均是纯天然、无害物质,利用海泡石、膨润土等粘土改性壳聚糖制备生态絮凝剂是絮凝剂发展的重要方向,将其应用于景观水的治理,可以有效地改善景观水的观赏性.以苏州艺圃园林景观水为例,研究了两种改性絮凝剂的絮凝效果.苏州艺圃园林景观水内藻类以绿藻Chlorphyta为主,鉴于景观水的特殊观赏性,以浊度大小设定正交试验,得出了投放量、配比、醋酸用量、搅拌时间的最优值.试验证明海泡石、膨润土均对壳聚糖絮凝产生矾花的密实度和分形维数[1]有明显的增强效果,膨润土效果略好,克服了壳聚糖分子量较小、吸附架桥能力差、矾花不够密实的缺点.在最优条件下,这两种改性后的絮凝剂可使水样浊度降至5 NTU以下,叶绿素a的去除率达93％以上,明显好于单独使用壳聚糖絮凝剂的情况.随原水浊度的增加,浊度去除率缓慢减小,pH值在7.5～8.5之间浊度去除率最高,温度对絮凝效果影响不大.试验表明壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土两种改性絮凝剂对景观水的治理和生态絮凝剂的制备具有指导意义.     

莲缢管蚜对水葫芦生长的抑制作用

采用室外试验方法研究了不同密度和不同生育期的莲缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphumnymphaeae)对水葫芦(Eichhorniacrassipes)生长的影响.结果表明,莲缢管蚜成虫对水葫芦生长具有明显的抑制作用,表现在水葫芦植株鲜重减轻,总叶片数和新芽数减少,叶片枯萎数增加.低密度莲缢管蚜对水葫芦根和叶片生长的抑制作用不明显,但当莲缢管蚜密度大于20头·株-1时抑制效果显著,且随着作用时间的推移抑制作用更为明显.莲缢管蚜虽然对水葫芦生长具有一定的抑制作用,但由于其食性广泛,很可能会危及其他相邻水生植物,因此作为水葫芦天敌控制水葫芦生长的可行性还有待深入研究.     

直接高压放电降解水中苯酚的效果

采用直接高压放电降解水中含有苯酚,自行设计加工了线筒式放电反应器,考察了氧气鼓入量、反应器压力、溶液初始pH对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在所设计的放电反应器中,放电电极直径为0.6 mm、地极直径29 mm或者38 mm,电压8～10 kV,电流4～14 mA,气体鼓入量为60 mL·min-1、溶液初始pH为9左右时,在180 min之内水中苯酚降解达到90%以上.同时发现溶液电导率具有相对应的变化趋势.     

渭河上游天然径流变化及其自然与人为因素影响贡献量

从20世纪60年代开始,渭河上游入陕西境内的水量不断减少,90年代天然径流量仅为60年代的60%。分析天然径流与降水的相关关系,对降水与非降水因素对径流减少的贡献进行了定量分析。结果表明,降水与非降水因素共同作用使得渭河上游径流量不断减少,且从20世纪70年代开始,非降水因素的贡献率逐渐增强,成为影响渭河上游天然径流量减少的主要因素。分析天然径流量与气温的相关关系,两者的相关系数在0.47以上,采用假设法,将气温从非降水因素中提取出来,进一步分析自然因素与人为因素的影响,结果表明,80年代以前,以自然因素影响为主,80年代以后,以人为因素影响为主,且人为因素的影响程度在逐渐增强,其原因在于人类活动改变下垫面导致径流减少。     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的有机物吸收及胞内储存特性

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),在乙酸钠、葡萄糖及葡萄糖-乙酸钠混合基质条件下均培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥.通过对典型周期有机物、磷酸盐、胞内糖原及聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)变化的测定分析,证明有机基质的种类对于聚糖菌能量利用模式、有机物吸收速率及胞内储存物质种类具有显著的影响.污泥初始胞内糖原水平是有机物吸收数量及吸收速率的关键影响因素,当糖原水平低于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率与糖原水平直接相关:而糖原水平高于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率趋于稳定.不同糖原水平污泥厌氧吸收有机物的速率具有明显差异,在厌氧初期有机物快速吸收阶段,有机物厌氧吸收速率随胞内糖原水平升高而增加.