黄河干流宁蒙段溶解性有机物组分特征及其与金属离子的相关性

溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)是天然水体的重要组成部分,由于化学极性及所含的官能团不同,其在水体中的化学行为也不同.本研究以黄河干流宁蒙段为研究对象,于2015年4月采集了下河沿至头道拐沿程7个断面的水样,采用XAD系列树脂将DOM分为疏水性酸(hydrophobic acid,HOA)、疏水性碱(hydrophobic base,HOB)、弱疏水性酸(weak hydrophobic acid,WHOA)和亲水性物质(hydrophilic matter,HYI)这4个组分,探讨了DOM组分含量、荧光峰值及其与Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、As这5种金属离子之间的相关性.结果表明,黄河宁蒙段DOM总量由下河沿至头道拐沿程逐渐增加.各断面DOM腐殖化程度较低,以亲水性的蛋白质类小分子物质(HYI)为主,疏水性酸(HOA)次之,这与黄河沿岸排污导致内源作用增强有关.三维荧光光谱中类腐殖质和类蛋白质荧光峰型显著,且类腐殖质峰沿程逐渐增强,进一步证实了内源污水输入的影响.SPSS相关性分析结果表明,DOM与5种金属离子呈现出不同程度的相关性,其中与Cu离子显著相关;4种组分中HYI与Cu离子的相关性最强,说明二者在迁移转化过程中存在显著相互作用.进一步研究发现,芳香蛋白类物质荧光峰强度随Cu离子浓度的升高而降低,这可能是Cu与亲水性组分中的芳香类蛋白质发生络合产生荧光淬灭效应,从而导致荧光强度降低.     

长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥活性的恢复

为探究长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的脱氮性能,采用CSTR反应器,接种4℃下储存了10个月的亚硝化絮状污泥,考察其活性恢复性能,并采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,控制DO为0.4~0.8mg·L~(-1)、pH值8左右、温度为(30±1)℃等条件,长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的活性可以在15 d内迅速恢复,氨氮去除率和亚硝积累率均达到90%以上;此外,污泥颜色由接种初期的灰黑色迅速恢复至棕黄色,SVI值显著降低,MLVSS/MLSS升高,EPS含量明显增加.随着亚硝化性能的恢复,厌氧、发酵微生物被洗脱,Nitrosomonas等氨氧化细菌相对丰度显著增加,同时,Nitrospria等硝化菌的生长得到了有效抑制.经历长期储存的亚硝化絮状污泥可作为实现短程硝化快速启动的接种污泥,更有利于短程硝化工艺的实际应用.     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Characteristics of molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in bromide-containing water and disinfection by-product formation properties during treatment processes

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW), trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes (pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, disinfection) were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW < 1 kDa and fraction with MW 3−10 kDa, and the DBP''s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM (< 10 kDa) was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes, pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.     

基于GIS格网化分析支撑的旅游空间规划技术方法研究——以青岛市为例

空间规划是支撑旅游地发展规划的核心章节,目前主要依靠规划者经验判断,主观性较强,缺乏客观方面的信息数据支持。论文将GIS格网化与旅游资源评价模型相结合,提出了旅游资源单体采集、旅游资源格网化及其空间分析方法,并融合旅游资源群评价模型、旅游功能区识别模型、旅游线路和空间发展轴线识别模型予以支撑,形成了标准化的旅游资源采集、评价到空间识别的集成技术方法;并以青岛市为例,识别出了旅游资源集群及其发展潜力、旅游功能区和空间拓展轴线,确立了“一心、一带、三轴、五区”的空间发展格局。论文初步探讨了GIS格网化空间分析方法在区域旅游规划中的应用,能够补充传统定性评价方法客观性不足的缺陷,实现复杂旅游资源数据的单体评价、旅游资源集群评价、旅游功能区识别、旅游线路和空间发展轴线优选的系列化分析技术路线,可为延伸旅游规划深度、提高规划精度提供科学参考。     

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

Does planned retreat matter? Investigating land use change under the impacts of flooding induced by sea level rise

Coastal regions worldwide are during the process of rapid urban expansion. However, expanded urban settlements in land-sea interfaces have been faced with unprecedented threats from climate change related hazards. Adaptation to coastal hazards has received increasing attention from city managers and planners. Adaptation and land management practices are largely informed by remote sensing and land change modeling. This paper establishes a framework that integrates land change analysis, coastal flooding, and sea level rise adaptation. Multilayer perceptron neural network, similarity learning, and binary logistic regression were applied to analyze spatiotemporal changes of residential, commercial, and other built-up areas in Bay County, Florida, USA. The prediction maps of 2030 were produced by three models under four policy scenarios that included the population relocation strategy. Validation results reveal that three models return overall acceptable accuracies but generate distinct landscape patterns. Predictions indicate that planned retreat of residents can greatly reduce urban vulnerability to sea level rise induced flooding. While managed realignment of the coast brings large benefits, the paper recommends different mixes of adaptation strategies for different parts of the globe, and advocates the application of reflective land use planning to foster a more disaster resilient coastal community.     

菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响

中国是食用菌生产大国,每年食用菌菌渣产出量较大,为探明菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响,于2017年3~9月,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、9 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(LM)、18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(MM)、36 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(HM)这5种处理稻田土壤温室气体的排放规律,并采用土壤碳库法对农田系统净温室气体排放(NGHGE)进行评价.结果表明:(1)土壤温室气体(包括CH_4、CO_2、N_2O)排放随着菌渣还田量的增加而增加,CH_4排放量顺序为:HMMMLM≈NPKCK;HM处理显著增加了CH_4的排放通量(P0.01),其他处理差异并不显著(P0.05),CH_4排放通量LM处理呈双峰型曲线,MM处理呈多峰型,HM处理呈现非常明显的单峰型曲线;CO_2累积排放量大小依次为:MMNPK≈LMHMCK,CO_2排放通量曲线LM处理呈单峰型、MM处理呈双峰型、HM处理呈现多峰型;NPK处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于其他处理,N_2O排放通量曲线NPK处理呈双峰型、LM和MM处理呈现多峰型,HM呈单峰型变化;(2)LM处理土壤固碳能力较低,NPK、MM与HM处理土壤固碳能力均较高;MM处理土壤固碳能力显著高于其他处理(P0.01),比纯施化肥处理提高了59.2%,比LM和HM处理提高了87.79%和65.65%;与土壤固碳能力相反,LM处理植物固碳能力最高,比NPK和MM处理提高了16.1%~22.2%,约为CK处理和HM处理的2.1倍;(3)MM处理整个水稻生产期NGHGE值最小,为-490.29 kg·hm~(-2),表现为温室气体的"汇",18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣还田是紫色水稻土净温室气体排放最优的还田方式.     

南通沿海潮间带土-气界面CO2交换特征

选择南通协兴港附近裸露潮滩,使用便携式土壤通量测量系统开展潮间带湿地CO₂通量监测,研究无植被覆盖条件下潮间带碳通量特征及其影响因素的关系.实验结果表明,各潮滩CO₂固定水平表现为高潮带 < 中潮带 < 低潮带.低潮带叶绿素a含量较高,对CO₂的吸收能力较强,而高潮带有机碳含量高,微生物呼吸作用释放的CO₂通量较高,研究区整体上表现为对CO₂净吸收.此外,CO₂净固定通量随土壤有机碳含量和落潮时间增加而下降,与土壤叶绿素a含量和地下水位关系密切.研究成果对于明确人类活动对江苏沿海潮间带裸露光滩碳循环的影响具有重要意义.     

低影响开发对城市内涝节点雨洪控制效果研究——不同降雨特性下的情景模拟

以中国福建省福州市晋安区解放溪流域高密度居民住宅区为例,针对不同降雨重现期、降雨历时和雨峰系数的降雨情景,利用PCSWMM模型模拟该地区的雨洪情况,并运用模型的低影响开发（LID）模块,研究7种不同LID用地布局情景对研究区内涝节点的雨洪控制效果.情景模拟结果表明：在不同降雨情景下,各LID用地布局情景会使节点的洪峰流量减小、积水时间减少、积水深度变小;植被浅沟措施和植被浅沟&绿色屋顶组合措施会使节点SS峰值浓度高于现状用地,其余布设情景下,SS峰值浓度均减小.LID措施对节点流量和水质的控制效果在低降雨重现期和长降雨历时的降雨情景下较为有效.在单个LID布设情景中,渗透铺装措施控制最佳,而组合LID布设情景中,渗透铺装&植被浅沟&绿色屋顶是最佳的组合控制措施.研究结果可为南方城市居民区实施海绵城市建设提供技术支持,并为地方制定相关规范和标准提供参考和借鉴.