川西北草原土壤硼、锰丰缺状况初探

根据110余个表层土壤样品硼、锰含量的测定结果和土壤缺乏硼、锰的临界值指标,探究了川西北草原土壤中硼、锰的有效性及其丰缺状况.结果表明,本区土壤中全硼全锰含量丰富分别达166.0ppm和736.6ppm,但有效硼和锰的含量仅分别为0.45ppm和5.11ppm,土壤缺乏硼和锰比较普遍.为该区推广施用硼、锰微肥提供了初步的科学依据.     

北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

采集了北京地铁16个站点灰尘的样本,测定了灰尘中7种重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Ni、Hg、Pb、As的浓度,并采用地累积指数法、美国EPA风险评价模型和Spearman相关系数分析,对重金属污染程度、人体健康风险及来源进行分析.结果表明, Cr、Cd、Cu、Ni、Hg、Pb、As的含量分别为131.92,1.11,67.33,41.77,0.35,437.41,9.09mg/kg,均超过北京土壤背景值.地累积指数呈现Pb>Hg>Cd>Cr>Cu>Ni>As,其中Pb、Hg、Cd分别为3.77,3.12,2.16,达到严重污染.人体健康风险评价表明,存在的非致癌风险依次为Pb>Cr>As>Ni>Cu>Hg>Cd,除Pb外,均不构成明显的风险.Cr、Cd、Ni、As致癌风险均低于风险阈值,不会对人体造成健康危害.人类活动、刹车系统和轨道摩擦可能是造成地铁站灰尘重金属来源的原因.     

介质阻挡放电联合催化臭氧化降解甲苯

采用介质阻挡放电区后结合MnOx/Al2O3/发泡镍去除甲苯,考察甲苯进气方式、臭氧产生方法及湿度对甲苯与O3同时去除的影响。结果表明,O3是等离子体区后催化降解甲苯的主要物种,介质阻挡放电联合催化臭氧化可实现甲苯及O3的同时高效去除。输入电压为9.0 kV时,甲苯的去除效率达92.8%,在80 min内O3的去除效率维持在99%以上。水蒸气对催化剂催化分解臭氧的活性没有直接的影响,O3浓度较高时湿度对甲苯降解效率的影响很小。GC-MS分析结果表明,甲苯降解的主要气相副产物有烷烃、酸、酮和含苯环有机物,提出了甲苯的降解途径。     

累积影响评价:中国内地与香港的问题与实践探讨

将过去、现在和将来的其它活动包括在建议活动的评价范围 ,是累积影响评价区别于传统EIA的重要特征和关键环节 ,也是EIA进一步发展完善的重要趋势 .从法规要求、文本格式、时空范围、重点内容、减缓措施等方面 ,分析了内地和香港在环评实践过程中对累积影响的考虑状况及存在问题 .建议制定累积影响评价的技术方法导则 ,以法规的形式明确提出在项目、区域及策略环评中增加累积影响评价的内容 ,累积影响应在环评报告的摘要、目录及结论中专门列出 ,对累积影响时空范围的界定及重要性的判断应专门提供支持依据 ,评价的重点应较多地关注生态完整性、社会经济影响及全球性环境影响等 ,以更有效地预防累积环境影响问题 .     

填埋场不同深度垃圾土压缩性的室内试验研究

阐述了垃圾土的压缩机理,归纳了国内外垃圾土压缩性指标的研究成果。根据某填埋场3个不同深度的垃圾土试样,在改装后的高压固结仪上进行压缩试验,得到垃圾土的压缩系数a、主压缩指数C、修正主压缩指数C'、压缩模量E以及体积压缩系数m,并对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明,垃圾土的初始孔隙比随填埋深度的增加而减小,垃圾土的压缩指数随其可降解度和有机质含量的减少而降低,垃圾土具有高压缩性,其压缩性指标与垃圾的组成和填埋深度有关。将得到的压缩性指标与国内外的资料进行了比较,可为填埋场的设计及变形计算提供参考。     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

稀土Ce掺杂SnSb复合涂层电极的实验研究

采用涂刷热分解氧化法,把无机盐SnCl4·5H2O、SbCl3和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O以一定的配比溶解在有机溶剂异丙醇中制备涂层液,以钛板为基体,制备多组分的涂层电极.考察了不同掺杂量下制备的电极对生活污水的处理效果,并对稀土Ce掺杂SnSb涂层进行了SEM表征,结果表明,在热处理温度为500℃、稀土掺杂量(原子质量比)为Sn∶Sb∶Ce=100∶10∶1的电极降解效果最好;稀土Ce的掺杂有利于锡锑金属氧化物涂层电极的电化学性能的提高.     

“碳中和”愿景下我国碳排放现状和减排路径

控制以CO₂为主的温室气体排放,“力争2030年前实现碳达峰,争取2060年前实现碳中和”是我国近年来面临的重大任务。碳排放研究是实现“双碳”目标的基础和前提,从碳排放测算、碳排放影响因素分析、行业碳排放研究三个方面对我国碳排放研究现状进行梳理,对近年来研究的重点方向、主要成果和目前存在的主要问题进行分析,并结合我国的“双碳”目标提出现阶段我国“以完善政策标准与加大政府扶持为基础,以产业结构调整与新兴产业发展、能源结构调整与新能源技术发展为核心,以探索CCUS（碳捕集、利用与封存）技术和增加碳汇及对居民低碳消费倾向的引导和培养为导向”的碳减排路径。