重金属在灰尘及其水溶解相中的分布特征及其影响因素——以南昌市为例

以南昌市为例,分析了不同功能区和公交车站降尘及其水溶解相中重金属浓度的空间分布特征.同时结合多种分析技术,探究降尘及其水溶解相理化性质对降尘重金属在固-液相中分配行为的影响.结果表明:南昌市降尘及其水溶解相中总重金属浓度范围分别为310~4393μg/g和2.17~55.62μg/g.两相中重金属的空间分布可能受到车流量较大的交通干线和汽车轮胎零件磨损的影响,其高值区主要分布于南昌县政府、部分高校以及客运站、驾校附近.风险评价的结果表明,南昌市降尘重金属综合生态风险总体处于中等水平,且Cr和As具有一定的致癌风险.溶解态中重金属所占百分比(K值)的排序为:Ni>Mn>Cu>As>Cr>Zn>Pb,K值的空间分布高值区多分布于人口密集地区、交通道路以及汽车客运站附近.大部分降尘及其水溶解相的理化性质与Pb、As、Mn具有显著正相关关系,降尘溶解相中较高的溶解性有机碳和腐殖化程度对重金属向溶解相中的释放具有重要作用.     

基于气团老化程度对挥发性有机物分类改善PMF源解析效果

VOCs作为臭氧与二次有机气溶胶的关键前体物,其来源解析对臭氧和颗粒物的协同控制至关重要.但多数VOCs具有反应性,不能完全满足受体模式对污染源排放化学物质组成稳定的假设要求,导致受体模式解析结果不能精准反映实际源贡献.为解决因不同VOCs反应活性不同而导致的组分相对变化与模型假设不符的问题,引入VOCs老化程度来表征...     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

广东一饮用水源地河流沉积物及鱼体中氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素残留特征研究

本研究对广东一饮用水源保护区的河流氟喹诺酮类(Fluoroquinolones,FQs)抗生素进行分析.采用高效液相色谱法定性定量分析9个沉积物样品和5种鱼肉及1种鱼内脏中3种FQs—诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NOR)、环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)、恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)的残留特征,并与沉积物中有机质、总氮、总磷进行Person相关性分析.结果表明:河流沉积物各点平均值NORCIPENR,最大含量分别为:NOR248.25 ng·g-1,CIP 158.69 ng·g-1,ENR 56.81 ng·g-1;FQs和沉积物有机质、总磷相关系数平均为0.946、0.968(p0.01);5种鱼的鱼肉中FQs的含量可能高于或低于沉积物中FQs含量均值;鳙鱼内脏FQs含量是鱼肉中的3.21~9.53倍.研究结果对保障饮用水安全及水产品生态安全具有重要的意义.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

硫酸盐还原过程中乙酸型代谢方式的形成及其稳定性

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,考察了不同试验阶段硫酸盐去除率和产气量稳定期,液相末端产物中挥发酸组成的变化、乙酸的分布特征、微生物种群组成和种群间关系.试验结果表明,各试验阶段液相末端产物中乙酸的分布比例高达50%～82%,微生物群体呈现特定的乙酸型代谢方式.乙酸型代谢方式本质上是产酸相反应器处理硫酸盐废水过程中,硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)与产酸菌(AB)建立起生物链式协同代谢关系,并通过非完全氧化型方式分解有机物,从而在末端产物中积累大量乙酸.乙酸型代谢方式的形成取决于利用乙酸的硫酸盐还原菌(ASRB)的竞争能力和它对乙酸的利用能力.乙酸型代谢方式可以为后续产甲烷相反应器提供适宜的底物,对提高硫酸盐废水处理系统的效率和运行稳定性具有重要意义.     

弹性填料微孔曝气生物膜法修复污染水源除NH4+-N

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物接触氧化法对受污染的水源进行修复除NH₄⁺-N效果研究.结果表明,在正常水温20℃～27℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn7～14mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 0.7～2.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为7～9mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为64%～95%;在较低水温7℃～12℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn6～11mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 1.2～8.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为8～10mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为40%～63%.     

上海河流沉积物重金属的污染特征与潜在生态风险

为了解上海市主要河流沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析了上海市60个河流表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Ni、Ag、As、Cd、Zn、Sn、Sb和Hg10种重金属的含量,并对其来源及生态风险进行了评价.沉积物中10种重金属的浓度和介于113.9 ~ 494.0mg/kg之间,平均值为266.1mg/kg.苏州河、黄浦江中下游和黄浦江上游部分采样点重金属污染比较严重.10种重金属的含量由高到低依次为: Zn > Cu> Ni > Pb > As > Sn > Sb> Cd > Hg > Ag.来源分析表明,上海河流沉积物中大多数重金属具有相似的来源,主要来源于工业废水和交通污染、农药和化肥污染.地积累指数(Igeo)评价表明各种重金属的污染程度顺序为: Cd > Hg > Ag > Sb > Cu > Zn > Sn = As > Ni > Pb, Hg和Cd在多数采样点分别为中度污染和偏重污染.潜在生态风险系数(Eri)评价表明各重金属的潜在生态风险顺序为: Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Zn, Cd和Hg对潜在生态风险指数(RI)的贡献最大,分别达到65.7%和30.6%. 7种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(RI)介于563.0~1431之间,有极强生态风险.     

废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化

为了更好地发挥产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合系统在废水厌氧发酵生产乙酸方面的优势,有必要寻找一种简单有效的方法以获得该系统产酸的优化条件.利用经过加热处理并活化的厌氧污泥作种泥,以模拟废水中的葡萄糖为底物,针对发酵时间、底物浓度、种泥浓度、初始pH进行4因素10水平均匀设计实验,得到了乙酸生产指标与产酸条件之间关系的回归方程;也得到了以高乙酸产量为主要目标导向同时兼顾高乙酸产率和高乙酸生产强度目标的优化条件;优化条件实验乙酸浓度比均匀设计中最高乙酸浓度提高20%左右.研究表明,将均匀设计应用于废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化,可以避免盲目性,迅速获得满意结果.     

广东大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染状况评价

在大宝山矿区及周边四个区域(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区)共采集土壤表层样品52件。针对不同采样点和不同区段的整体研究,文章在单因子指数的基础上对研究区重金属复合污染分别采用内梅罗指数和综合污染负荷法综合进行研究。矿区土壤中重金属元素污染程度有差异,其中Cr、Ni、Hg、Sn、Pb、Zn、As等重金属元素无或轻污染,Cu、Cd等则对该区土壤环境有较大影响。研究矿区内4个地段土壤重金属污染的总体状况研究结果显示,Ⅳ区(矿部区)土壤污染最为严重,其次为Ⅲ区(鸡笼铺区)和Ⅰ区(沙溪镇区),Ⅱ区(梅子坑区)相对较轻。