The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

新疆大气颗粒物的时空分布特征

基于2015年新疆12个城市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)地面监测数据,并结合同期气象观测数据,分析了新疆PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关联性。结果表明:新疆大气颗粒物年均质量浓度呈现南高北低特征,南疆各城市的年均PM_(10)质量浓度为150～262μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为50～118μg/m~3。北疆各城市的质量浓度相对较低,年均PM_(10)质量浓度为28～139μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为13～74μg/m~3。从时间变化来看,在春季和夏季,新疆以粗颗粒物污染为主,冬季以细颗粒物污染为主。此外,在南疆各城市3月PM_(10)质量浓度突然大幅升高与相对湿度明显下降、风速增大直接相关,沙尘天气是导致该区域春季高PM_(10)质量浓度的重要原因。     

有机酸对铬超富集植物李氏禾吸收Cu的影响

许多研究表明有机酸的施加对植物吸收重金属的量具有不同的影响.文章采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对土壤中Cu的活化和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)吸收Cu的影响.结果表明,当向土壤中施加质量摩尔浓度为2 mmol·kg-1的EDTA时,土壤中Cu质量分数为220.16 mg·kg-1与空白土壤中500.31 mg·kg-1相比明显减少,说明EDTA可以极显著的降低土壤中的铜质量分数,使其转化成水提取态的Cu浮于土壤表面,并大部分聚集在根部周围,同时向土壤中施加EDTA不但促进了对Cu的活化而且显著提高了李氏禾对Cu的吸收,叶中最高质量分数达到336.54 mg·kg-1是对照中80.34 mg·kg-1的四倍;而柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸则抑制了Cu的活化,但对李氏禾地上部分的Cu质量分数影响不大.有机酸对Cu的影响相对较弱,除EDTA显著降低了土壤中Cu质量分数外,其他有机酸对Cu的活化和李氏禾吸收Cu的影响与对照均没有明显差异.     

植物对干旱胁迫的响应研究进展

植物在经受干旱胁迫时,通过细胞对干旱信号的感知和传导,调节基因表达,产生新蛋白质,从而引起大量形态、生理和生化上的变化.干旱胁迫对植物在细胞、器官、个体、群体等水平上的形态指标有显著影响,也会影响其光合作用、渗透调节、抗氧化系统等生理生化指标.植物对干旱胁迫的分子响应较复杂,包括合成一些新的基因如NCED、dehydrin基因和CBF、DREB等转录因子.另外,干旱胁迫还能造成蛋白质组学的变化.参52     

Hydroelectricity production and forest conservation in watersheds.

Globally, particularly in developing countries, hydroelectricity production and economic growth occur together with ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds. There is a relationship between hydroelectricity production and ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds, centering on the supply and demand for ecosystem services of river water flow regulation and sediment retention. Here we show that, in the upper reach of the Yangtze River, hydroelectricity production of Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant can form a beneficial relationship with forest conservation through the paid use (compensating residents for their cooperation in the conservation) of ecosystem services launched by the National Natural Forest Protection Project. This interaction can provide additional incentives to encourage local communities' long-term cooperation in conserving and protecting the restored forest ecosystems. Hydroelectricity plants also obtain benefits from this interaction. The industrialization of ecosystem services supply provides an operational framework for this beneficial interaction. Sustainable forest ecosystem conservation will require developing new institutions and policies and must involve local communities in the conservation and protection of their local forests.     

铬离子对藻类生长的影响

利用自然光照条件,在不同铬离子质量浓度下,对5种藻类的生长进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:5种藻类在不同的光波长下,其吸收光谱存在两个最强的吸收区: 420～440 nm的蓝紫光部分和660 nm 的红光部分;在不同铬离子质量浓度0～20.63 mg·L-1范围内,5种藻类生长受到不同程度的抑制,其耐受性也尽不相同,经过分析和比较后得出5种藻类对铬的耐受性大小顺序为:微囊藻(Microcystis)＞水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)＞细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)＞斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)＞蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidose).     

北京市不同区域采暖期大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

利用分级采样器分别采集北京市不同区域采暖期的大气颗粒物,分析多环芳烃的组成及含量.结果表明北京市大气总悬浮颗粒物中总多环芳烃的含量城乡结合带为7486—43687ng·m-3,郊区为11993—39786ng·m-3.在城乡结合带,80%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中;在郊区,77%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中.比较不同环数的多环芳烃在不同粒径范围内大气颗粒物中的分配比例,发现随环数的减少其分配比例呈现归一化.不同粒径范围的颗粒物中苯并(a)芘均与总多环芳烃含量显著相关(p<0001).     

不同类型电镀液中阴离子的离子色谱法检测

采用抑制型电导离子色谱法检测电镀液中的常见阴离子.色谱条件是: IonPac AS11-HC阴离子交换色谱柱,淋洗液自动发生装置在线产生KOH梯度淋洗,抑制型电导检测.检测限(S/N=3)在0.29-15.3 μg·l-1,阴离子F-,Cl-,MSA-,NO-3,SO2-4,PO3-4和CrO2-4的线性范围均在两个数量级以上,RSD在5%以下,回收率为92%-110%,具有灵敏度高,选择性好,重现性佳等特点,用于实际样品的检测,结果令人满意.     

交联壳聚糖对铀的吸附研究

以壳聚糖(CTS)为原料,在碱性条件下用环氧氯丙烷对壳聚糖进行化学改性,制得不溶水的交联壳聚糖(CCTS)。利用CCTS吸附铀(UO22+),探讨吸附动力学规律以及初始浓度,pH值的影响。实验结果表明,CCTS对UO22+的吸附符合Langmu ir吸附等温模型,并能用准二级速率方程对吸附动力学加以描述。当在CCTS为10 mg,pH为3,UO22+初始浓度为50μg/mL条件下,CCTS对UO22+的吸附去除率为98%以上。