纳滤工艺去除水中微量内分泌干扰物

主要研究了DL1210型纳滤膜去除水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、乐果和莠去津的影响因素,考察了温度、pH值、初始浓度、跨膜压力(TMP)和运行时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,纳滤工艺是去除水中微量DBP、DEHP、乐果和莠去津的有效方法,初始pH值和温度的升高会导致纳滤膜对DBP、DEHP、乐果和莠去津的截留率的降低,膜对DBP和DEHP的截留率随初始浓度的升高而降低,TMP和运行时间不会对膜通量和目标污染物的截留率造成显著影响。当初始pH为5、初始浓度为5μg/L、温度为5℃、TMP为0.4 MPa时,纳滤工艺对DBP、DEHP、乐果和莠去津的截留率达到最佳,分别为91.8%、89.8%、98.02%和77.6%,出水中DBP、DEHP、乐果和莠去津浓度分别为0.41、0.49、0.099和1.12μg/L。     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

污水快速渗滤土地处理研究进展

针对RI系统的污染物去除机制、运行方式、系统恢复以及实践应用等方面的研究进展作一综述。RI技术的应用有着广阔的前景 ,必将促进我国环境保护与生态建设的发展     

Distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken manure and manure-fertilized vegetables

Veterinary manure is an important pollution reservoir of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). However, little is known of the distribution of ARB in plant endophytic bacteria and the number/types of ARB in chicken manure. In this study, 454-pyrosequencing was used to investigate the distribution and composition of ARBs in chicken manure and fertilized vegetables. The prevalence of ARB in the samples of the chicken manure compost recovered from farms on which amoxicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and cephalexin were used was 20.91–65.9 % for ARBs and 8.24–20.63 % simultaneously resistant to two or more antibiotics (multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB)). Antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria were widely detected in celery, pakchoi, and cucumber with the highest rate of resistance to cephalexin. The pyrosequencing indicated that the chicken manure dominantly harbored Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes, and Proteobacteria and that Bacteroidetes was significantly enhanced in farms utilizing antibiotics. In the total cultivable colonies, 62.58–89.43 % ARBs and 95.29 % MARB were clustered in Bacteroidetes with the dominant species (Myroides ordoratimimus and Spningobacterium spp., respectively) related to human clinical opportunistic pathogens.     

Monitoring and Assessment of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Sediments from the Daliaohe River Watershed, Northeast of China

Surface sediment samples from 12 sites of the three selected rivers in Daliaohe River watershed (Hunhe River, Taizihe River and Daliaohe River) were analyzed with the objective of establishing sources and hazard of the organochlorinae pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in surface sediments. The total concentrations of OCPs varied from 3.06 to 23.24 ng g⁻¹. ∑HCH (α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, γ-HCH), ∑DDT (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT) and ∑Cyclodiene (Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, Endrin) ranged from 1.86 to 21.48, 0.5 to 2.81 and 0.56 to 1.53 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Results of OCPs also illustrate that the most dominant pollutants among the OCPs was ∑HCH, and γ-HCH was the most dominant isomer in HCH, which was evidence of recent input of lindane. It possibly came from the runoff of polluted soils and long-scale transportation. Total PCB concentrations ranged between 1.88 and 16.88 ng g⁻¹. The peak concentrations of PCBs were found in sediments from station T5 and D3, which are in the vicinity of industrial areas and ferry, respectively. These data show a moderate level of OCPs and PCBs contaminations compared to that in other countries.     

基于RNA干扰的家蝇几丁质酶2的幼虫转录组测序

几丁质酶是昆虫几丁质降解过程中的重要酶类,在昆虫整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用.为筛选及挖掘与防治有害医学昆虫相关的分子靶标,根据家蝇几丁质酶2(Musca domestica chitinase 2,MdCht2)基因序列设计并合成双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA),采用微量注射法向家...     

武汉湖泊富营养化遥感调查与评价

利用武汉东湖各子湖多年可靠的地面监测资料和1999年9月Landsat-7的TM各波段的卫星遥感数据,建立了各子湖的营养状态指数与TMb5图像上的灰度值之间的线性关系模型,并运用该模型对武汉各湖泊进行富营养化评价。同时基于地面监测资料,用日本学者相崎守弘提出的修正富营养化指数法对武汉主要湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价。两种方法评价结果都显示,武汉大多数湖泊呈富营养化状态,一些湖泊已接近甚至达到极富营养化。在用两种方法同时评价的十个湖泊中,有四个湖泊的评价结果完全一致,其余的六个湖泊富营养化程度只相差一个级别。两种方法评价结果存在差异,可能有以下三个原因;（1）遥感方法反映了是图像所在时段的某一个区域上的平均值,营养化指数法反映的是若干个采样站的年平均值;（2）TM图像的获取时间比地面监测的时间晚;（3）遥感影像可能受到云、泥沙等悬浮物、高等水生植物以及湖泊水深等的影响。遥感评价结果与地面监测结果基本一致,利用遥感进行湖泊水体富营养化监测价是可行的,有效的,利用该方法可进行大范围的湖泊富营养化调查评价。     

滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理研究

随着滇池治理的进展,在今后一个时期内,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,成为滇池治理的首要目标和任务。围绕滇池流域水资源供求平衡,采用水资源全要素配置框架下的三次平衡分析理论,从整体上分析了滇池流域水资源供求平衡关系及存在的主要问题,提出了以需求为导向,建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理目标和措施。分析表明：在滇池治理的基础上,通过建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理体系,落实管理措施,从总量平衡的理论上能够充分发挥引水工程的作用,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,实现水量、水质供求的综合平衡。建议进一步开展量化分析和模拟实验研究,为在滇池流域实施综合平衡管理提供可靠依据和建议     

电子产品野外环境下温循加速载荷谱编制方法

目的 将电子产品在野外环境下日变化波动与季节差异明显的温度载荷编制成温循载荷谱和转换为加速载荷谱。方法 通过四点雨流计数法提取原谱中的载荷循环信息,对提取的循环信息进行分布拟合、相关性检验等统计分析,进而构建循环均值与范围值的联合概率密度函数,再运用概率密度法,编制出8×8二维环境载荷谱。在二维载荷谱基础上,编制出温循载荷谱,使用针对电子部件参数修正的加速方程转化为加速载荷谱。结果 利用野外作业现场1个作业周期内的气温纪录,提供了一套编制温循载荷谱和转换加速载荷谱的合理化流程和解决方案。结论 该制谱方法可以利用原始环境谱中绝大部分有效信息,较好地还原电子部件野外作业阶段经历的温度变化过程,为电子产品的加速寿命试验和使用寿命预测奠定基础。     

氯化处理船舶压载水对外来生物存活的影响

初步研究了氯化处理船舶压载水对外业生物存活的影响。结果表明，氯化自理对杀灭中的细菌最为有效；对单细胞灌类则依种类需要不同浓度的有效氯，有的种类在４０ｍｇ／Ｌ有效氯作用下依然能存活。