Oxidation of antimony (III) in soil by manganese (IV) oxide using X-ray absorption fine structure

The oxidation of antimony (III) in soils was studied using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. An andosol soil sample and artificial soil samples (SiO₂ blended with iron (III) hydroxide and manganese (IV) oxide) were used herein. After adding antimony (III) oxide to all soil samples, the oxidation process was observed by recording the XAFS spectra of Sb K-edge, Fe K-edge, and Mn K-edge. The results indicated that manganese (IV) oxide played an important role in the oxidation of Sb(III); however iron (III) hydroxide was not directly related to the reaction. During a 2-hr continuous Sb K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement with an interval of 1 min of one of the artificial soil samples (SiO₂ + MnO₂ + Sb₂O₃), a pseudo-first-order reaction was determined with an average estimated rate of 0.52 ± 0.04 hr^? 1. Compared to the lower oxidation rate of andosol, it is suggested that because of the low concentration of Mn(IV) in natural soils, the oxidation process of Sb(III) might be relatively slow and require more time to convert Sb(III) to Sb(V).     

对含有机磷缓蚀阻垢剂以及循环水中总磷含量测定方法的改进

对含有机磷缓蚀阻垢剂以及循环水中总磷含量的测定，采用直接在容量瓶中加热分解方法，可以简化繁琐的洗涤转移的过程，避免总磷丢失，提高准确性，节约实验操作时间，在实际工作中是一种很实用的方法。     

嘉陵江流域洪水区域分析

嘉陵江流域位于长江上游 ,是长江流域面积最大的支流 ,也是长江洪水的主要来源之一。用一种新的洪水区域分析方法———标度分析法对年最大洪峰流量区域变化的性质进行了研究。标度分析法的基本思想是认为在具有相似的地理、地质和气候条件的区域内洪水的空间变化满足标度不变性 ,将不同的地区划分成不同的区域 ,在同一子区域内用标度变换来对洪水资料进行处理 ,这种思想具有现实的普遍意义。对嘉陵江流域洪水资料研究的结果表明标度不变性在一定程度上确实存在 ,且表现出多标度性 ,也就是说不同频率 p下的标度指数θ(p)有不同的值。因此用标度分析法进行洪水区域分析是可行的。为了实际应用 ,最后还计算了嘉陵江流域不同频率p的标度指数θ(p)值 ,由这些结果可以实现由有资料地区的洪水资料对无资料地区洪水进行粗估     

自贡市大气污染的现状研究

通过历时４年的自贡市大气污染现状研究结果，大气综合质量指达到ＧＢ１３３０９５－８２大气质量标准的二级以上标准，由于天然气广泛使用，燃料结构发生明显的变化，大气主要污染物为硫化氢及苯并芘，城区最大值分别为０．１２９μｍｇ／ｍ＾３和４．６８μｇ／１００ｍ６３，郊区分别为０．０６２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和１．１２μｇ／１００＾３。本研究认为磊气污染属燃气型污染。     

硝基多环芳烃的致突变活性-结构关系研究进展

硝基多环芳烃是一类重要的具有直接致突变性的环境污染物。本文就硝基多环芳烃的致突变性、结构与致突变活性之间的关系方面的研究进展加以综合评述。     

Recent advances and perspectives towards emission inventories of mobile sources: Compilation approaches, data acquisition methods, and case studies

In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to reducing emissions from mobile sources with the dramatic growth of motor vehicle and nonroad mobile source populations. Compilation of a mobile source emission inventory is conducive to the analysis of pollution emission characteristics and the formulation of emission reduction policies. This study summarizes the latest compilation approaches and data acquisition methods for mobile source emission inventories. For motor vehicles, a high-resolution emission inventory can be developed based on a bottom-up approach with a refined traffic flow model and real-world speed-coupled emission factors. The top-down approach has advantages when dealing with macroscale vehicle emission estimation without substantial traffic flow infrastructure. For nonroad mobile sources, nonroad machinery, inland river ships, locomotives, and civil aviation aircraft, a top-down approach based on fuel consumption or power is adopted. For ocean-going ships, a bottom-up approach based on automatic identification system (AIS) data is adopted. Three typical cases are studied, including emission reduction potential, a cost-benefit model, and marine shipping emission control. Outlooks and suggestions are given on future research directions for emission inventories for mobile sources: building localized emission models and factor databases, improving the dynamic updating capability of emission inventories, establishing a database of emission factors of unconventional pollutants and greenhouse gas from mobile sources, and establishing an urban high temporal-spatial resolution volatile organic compound (VOC) evaporation emission inventory.     

热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料模拟使役工况试验研究

目的 研究装备动力舱在热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料性能随模拟使役工况试验时间的退化规律,提升装备动力舱热/自然交变环境效应控制水平。方法 以玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料为研究对象,以湿热、盐雾和高温试验为热/自然交变环境试验谱,以振动试验为加速因子,开展5个周期的实验室模拟使役工况加速试验,对比分析样件初始状态和每一个周期试验后的性能。结果 经模拟使役工况试验后,玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的颜色由白色逐渐变成黄色,SiO2气凝胶含量逐渐减少,纤维元素组成变化不明显,导热系数升高,隔热性能下降,且均在4周期模拟使役工况试验后出现明显变化。结论 玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料经5个周期的模拟使役工况试验后,其常温导热系数仅为0.026 4 W/(m.K),热面温度为200 ℃时,冷面平均温度仅为68.5 ℃,热/自然交变温差为43.5 ℃,具有良好的环境适应性。     

区域碳排放效率评价及影响因素分析

以长三角、珠三角与京津冀三大经济圈为研究对象,运用考虑非期望产出SBM模型、Malmquist全要素生产率指数模型分析碳排放效率的静态、动态变化特征和差异性,并进一步探讨三大经济圈碳排放效率影响因素的作用效果.结果表明,2007—2016年间三大经济圈的碳排放效率整体上水平较低,三大经济圈碳排放效率在时序上的变动都经历了高值波动、持续下降和低值波动阶段.从Malmquist指数分解情况来看,技术退步是全要素生产率下降的主要原因,规模效率存在不足,全要素生产率整体水平有待提高,碳排放效率提升空间巨大.地区产业结构、能源利用效率、外资依存度、城市化水平等因素对三大经济圈的碳排放效率影响显著,技术进步水平与其他因素相比对碳排放效率的影响效果并不明显.     

Relationship between heavy metals and dissolved organic matter released from sediment by bioturbation/bioirrigation

Organic matter (OM) is an important component of sediment. Bioturbation/bioirrigation can remobilize OM and heavy metals that were previously buried in the sediment. The remobilization of buried organic matter, thallium (Tl), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from sediment was studied in a laboratory experiment with three organisms: tubificid, chironomid larvae and loach. Results showed that bioturbation/bioirrigation promoted the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved Tl, Cd, Cu and Zn, but only dissolved Zn concentrations decreased with exposure time in overlying water. The presence of organisms altered the compositions of DOM released from sediment, considerably increasing the percentage of fulvic acid-like materials (FA) and humic acid-like materials (HA). In addition, bioturbation/bioirrigation accelerated the growth and reproduction of bacteria to enhance the proportion of soluble microbial byproduct-like materials (SMP). The DOM was divided into five regions in the three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM), and each part had different correlation with the dissolved heavy metal concentrations. Dissolved Cu had the best correlation with each of the DOM compositions, indicating that Cu in the sediment was in the organic-bound form. Furthermore, the organism type and heavy metal characteristics both played a role in influencing the remobilization of heavy metal.