A2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2O)活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮(Estrone,E1)、17β-雌二醇(17β-Estradiol,E2)以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇(17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2)的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

改性蚁酸木质素的制备与应用

采用加拿大一枝黄花茎杆为原料提取蚁酸木质素,通过氧化或接枝复合的方法对蚁酸木质素进行改性,对改性产物进行了FTIR和SEM表征。实验结果表明：接枝复合改性产物中存在-CONH的接枝复合链,氧化改性产物基本保持了蚁酸木质素原来的吸收峰;采用接枝复合改性产物处理初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的亚甲基蓝废水,在废水pH 7、吸附时间4 h、改性产物加入量22 mg/mL的条件下,亚甲基蓝去除率为90.94%;采用氧化改性产物处理相同亚甲基蓝废水,在废水pH 10、吸附时间12 h、改性产物加入量22 mg/mL的条件下,亚甲基蓝去除率为81.93%。     

纳滤膜深度处理棉针织品印染废水

采用芳香聚酰胺膜(NF-1#)、复合膜(NF-2#)和聚酰胺复合膜(NF-3#)深度处理棉针织品印染废水,考察了膜分离性能及膜污染情况的影响因素。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.5MPa、废水温度为25~35℃、废水pH为7的条件下,NF-1#膜处理效果最佳,COD去除率最高,为76.0%~85.0%;脱盐率也最高,达90.0%。膜过滤后浓水送污水厂处理,产水回用于车间生产。操作压力增高、废水温度升高和废水pH增大均导致滤饼层阻力(Rc)和膜过滤过程中的总阻力(Rt)增加,Rc是Rt的主要组成部分,同时也是导致膜透过通量下降的主要因素。     

BiFeO3可见光催化降解甲基紫

采用柠檬酸-硝酸盐燃烧法制备了光催化剂BiFeO₃。采用SEM,XRD,FTIR等技术对光催化剂BiFeO₃进行表征。表征结果显示,光催化剂BiFeO₃晶相纯、粒径小、比表面积大,存在Fe#x02014;O的弯曲振动和伸缩振动。实验结果表明：通过鼓气及加入H₂O₂可有效提高BiFeO₃对甲基紫可见光催化降解的效率;在300mL质量分数为1.5#x000d7;10^-5的甲基紫溶液中加入0.9g光催化剂BiFeO₃和0.1mL质量分数为30%的H₂O₂溶液,当反应时间为240min时,甲基紫去除率可达99%。     

絮凝#x02014;微波辐射#x02014;Fenton试剂氧化法深度处理焦化废水

用絮凝#x02014;微波辐射#x02014;Fenton试剂氧化法深度处理焦化废水,研究了微波辐射时间、微波功率、FeSO₄加入量、H₂O₂加入量和废水pH对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：在聚合氯化铝加入量为350mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺加入量为12mg/L、废水pH=5、FeSO₄加入量为250mg/L、H₂O₂总加入量为1400mg/L、H₂O₂分3次投加、微波功率为400W、微波辐射时间为60min的条件下,处理后出水的浊度、色度和COD去除率分别为98.59%,97.62%,86.21%。处理后出水澄清透明,COD为50.34mg/L,满足GB50050#x02014;2007《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》的要求。     

Structure and Properties of Cocoons and Silk Fibers Produced by Attacus atlas

Silk fibers in the three layers of Attacus atlas (A. atlas) cocoons have morphological structure and tensile properties similar to that of Bombyx mori silk. Attempts are being made to produce silk for commercial applications from cocoons of relatively unknown wild insects due to the unique properties of the fibers and as a source of income and employment. In this research, A. atlas cocoons were used to study the chemical composition, morphology, physical structure and tensile properties of the silk fibers in the cocoons and ability of the fibers to support the attachment and proliferation of mouse fibroblast cells. It was found that A. atlas cocoons consists of outer, intermediate and inner layer with average breaking tenacity of 4.1, 4.3 and 3.6 g/den, respectively similar to that of B. mori silk (4.3–5.2 g/den). The heavier cocoons, less restrictive rearing conditions and good properties of the fibers compared to B. mori silk makes A. atlas a potential alternative to common silks for commercial scale silk production. A. atlas fibers had about 80 % higher optical densities of cells and extensive growth of F-actin compared to B. mori silk fibers.     

Chemical oxidation of sulfadiazine by the Fenton process: Kinetics,pathways, toxicity evaluation

This paper investigated sulfadiazine oxidation by the Fenton process under various reaction conditions. The reaction conditions tested in the experiments included the initial pH value of reaction solutions, and the dosages of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Under the reaction conditions with pH 3, 0.25 mM of ferrous ion and 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide, a removal efficiency of nearly 100% was achieved for sulfadiazine. A series of intermediate products including 4-OH-sulfadiazine/or 5-OH-sulfadiazine, 2-aminopyrimidine, sulfanilamide, formic acid, and oxalic acid were identified. Based on these products, the possible oxidation pathway of sulfadiazine by Fenton's reagent was proposed. The toxicity evaluation of reaction solutions showed increased antimicrobial effects following the Fenton oxidation process. The results from this study suggest that the Fenton oxidation process could remove sulfadiazine, but also increase solution toxicity due to the presence of more toxic products.     

Pb and Cd binding to natural freshwater biofilms developed at different pH: the important role of culture pH

The effects of solution pH on adsorption of trace metals to different types of natural aquatic solid materials have been studied extensively, but few studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of pH at which the solid materials were formed on the adsorption. The purpose of present study is to examine this effect of culture pH on metal adsorption to natural freshwater biofilms. The adsorption of Pb and Cd to biofilms which were developed at different culture pH values (ranging from 6.5 to 9.0) was measured at the same adsorption pH value (6.5). The culture pH had considerable effects on both composition and metal adsorption ability of the biofilms. Higher culture pH usually promoted the accumulation of organic material and Fe oxides in the biofilms. The culture pH also affected the quantity and species of algae in the biofilms. The adsorption of Pb and Cd to the biofilms generally increased with the increase of culture pH. This increase was minor at lower pH range and significant at higher pH range and was more remarkable for Cd adsorption than for Pb adsorption. The notable contribution of organic material to the adsorption at higher culture pH values was also observed. The profound impacts of culture pH on adsorption behavior of biofilms mainly resulted from the variation of total contents of the biofilm components and were also affected by the alteration of composition and properties of the components.     

Characterization of an efficient catalytic and organic solvent-tolerant azoreductase toward methyl red from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

The acyl carrier protein (ACP) phosphodiesterase gene (SO 4396) of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 which was analyzed to have azoreductase activity was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The ACP phosphodiesterase was found to reach maximum enzyme velocity 220.59 U/mg, named azoreductase in this study. The azoreductase had highest specific activity (153.16 U/mg) at pH 6.5, which showed a preference for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as electron donor. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the azoreductase had preference for NADH and dependence for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). However, the azoreductase from S. oneidensis MR-1 still had high enzyme activity in the absence of FMN. The Mg²⁺ had a positive influence on the enzyme activity with 25 mM concentration, whereas Cr³⁺, Cd²⁺ usually had significantly negative effect on enzyme activity. The purified azoreductase retained nearly 100 % activity after incubating in 30 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 30 % acetone, 30 % methanol, 20 % ethanol, 20 % isopropanol, and 10 % propanol.     

Joint action and lethal levels of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene on midge (Chironomus plumosus) larvae

Aquatic ecosystems are vulnerable to the exposure with petrochemicals such as toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (o-, m-, and p-xylene) (TEX) and their adverse effects. Considering the widespread use, occurrence, and high toxicity of TEX, the aim of this work was to investigate the differential toxicity of TEX against midge (Chironomus plumosus) larvae and reveal the joint action of binary and ternary mixtures of TEX using the predictive concentration addition model. More importantly, this research can afford the basic toxicity data and scientific reference for the establishment of water quality criteria or benchmark, water pollution control, and aquatic risk assessment. Single and joint toxic effects of TEX on C. plumosus larvae were investigated using a semi-static bioassay, and the type of joint effects of TEX was ascertained. In the single toxicant experiments, the toxicity of the three pollutants could be sequenced as ethylbenzene > xylene > toluene. Specifically, LC_50s of T, E, and X after a 48-h exposure were 64.9, 37.8, and 42.0 mg/L, respectively. In the binary mixture experiments, the interaction between toluene and ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene, and toluene and xylene was largely in conformity with partial additive or additive effect as determined by isobologram representation and toxic unit models. In the ternary mixture experiments, the interaction was basically dependent on the use of additive index and mixture toxicity index methods. However, the antagonistic and synergistic actions were not significant. Thus, the tertiary mixture interaction could be regarded as additive action. The concentration addition model could successfully predict the joint action of TEX mixtures on C. plumosus larvae. Particularly, the additive action of TEX on C. plumosus larvae can be further recommended to evaluate water quality criteria of TEX.