不同水稻品种对镉积累的差异及其与镉亚细胞分布的关系

采用土培试验,以籽粒Cd低积累水稻品种(越冬稻和R1088)和籽粒Cd高积累水稻品种(IR34582和太粳558)为试验材料,研究成熟期水稻在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,Cd在水稻各组织中的积累差异及其与Cd亚细胞分布的关系,为培育Cd低积累水稻品种和水稻安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1) Cd胁迫下,约65%～83%的Cd积累于根系,低积累品种根系Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而地上部却相反;(2)高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的效率以及地上部各组织往籽粒转运Cd的效率均显著高于低积累品种;(3) Cd胁迫下,低积累品种根中细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)中Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中却相反;(4)低积累品种根和茎中F1中Cd分配比例均显著高于高积累品种,而F4中Cd分配比例却相反;在叶鞘和叶中,F1、F4中Cd分配比例在不同品种之间无显著差异。(5) Cd胁迫下,TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-糙米)均与F1中Cd分配比例成显著负相关关系,而与F4中Cd分配比例成显著正相关关系。综上,高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的能力强于低积累品种;低积累品种根和茎中细胞壁限制了Cd的迁移;而高积累品种根和茎中可溶部分在Cd从根部向上以及从茎向籽粒转运过程中起着重要作用。     

Effects of digital countdown timer on intersection safety and efficiency: A systematic review

Objective: To investigate the available evidence referring to the effectiveness of digital countdown timers (DCTs) in improving the safety and operational efficiency of signalized intersection.

Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Relevant literature was searched from electronic databases using key terms. Based on study selection and methodological quality assessment, 14 studies were included in the review. Findings of the studies were synthesized in a narrative analysis.

Results: Three types of DCT had different effects on intersection safety and operational efficiency. Green signal countdown timers (GSCTs) reduced red light violations, type I dilemma zone distributions, and rear-end collision likelihood but increased crossing after yellow onset and had mixed impacts on type II dilemma zone distributions and intersection capacity. In contrast, red signal countdown timers (RSCTs) increased intersection capacity, although their effectiveness in reducing red light violations dissipated over time. Likewise, continuous countdown timers (CCTs) significantly enhanced intersection capacity but had mixed influences on red light violations and crossing after yellow onset.

Conclusions: Due to the limited and inconsistent evidence regarding DCTs' effects on intersection safety and efficiency, it is not sufficient to recommend any type of DCT to be installed at signalized intersections to improve safety and operational efficiency. Nevertheless, it is apparent that both RSCTs and CCTs enhance intersection capacity, though their impacts on intersection safety are unclear. Future studies need to further verify those anticipated safe and operational benefits of DCTs with enriched field observation data.     

The veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline and Cu influence functional diversity of the soil microbial community

There are increasing concerns over the effects of veterinary antibiotics and heavy metals in agricultural soils. The widely used veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC), Cu and their combination on soil microbial community function were assessed with the Biolog method. The microbial community was extracted from the soil and exposed to a 0.85% sodium chloride solution containing OTC (0, 1, 5, 11, 43, 109 and 217 microM), or Cu (0, 10, 20, 100 and 300 microM), or combination of the two pollutants (OTC 0, 5, 11 microM and Cu 0, 20 microM). Functional diversity, evenness, average well color development (AWCD) and substrate utilization decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of OTC or Cu (p < 0.005). The critical concentrations were 11 microM for OTC and 20 microM for Cu. The combination of OTC and Cu significantly decreased Shannon's diversity, evenness and utilization of carbohydrates and carboxylic acids compared to individual one of the contaminants. The antibiotic OTC and Cu had significant negative effects on soil microbial community function, particularly when both pollutants were present.     

电子垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英对周围大气环境的影响

为了研究电子垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英对周围环境的影响,同时在E1和E2采样点分别采集9个大气样品.E1周围分布大量的电子垃圾焚烧点,E2则位于E1南9 km处,周围无其他明显的二噁英排放源.所采样品用同位素稀释法进行分析测定,结果表明,E1和E2大气样品中二噁英的平均质量浓度分别为127.37、22.37 pg/m3,平均毒性当量浓度分别为8.777、1.305 pg I-TEQ/m3.八氯代二苯并呋喃(OCDF)、八氯代二苯并二噁英(OCDD)、七氯代二苯并呋喃(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF)和七氯代二苯并二噁英(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)对2,3,7,8位氯代的二噁英的总浓度贡献较大,而五氯代二苯并呋喃(2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF)则对总毒性当量浓度贡献最大,其贡献率超过40%.在E1和E2两个采样点,二噁英在气相中的比例均随着氯原子取代数的增加而降低.两采样点相似的二噁英分布模式和气固分配,说明E2大气中二噁英主要来自于E1电子垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英.     

Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in different trophic sediments of lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region and Southwestern Plateau, China

In this study, the characteristics of organic phosphorus (Po) fractions in sediments of six lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region and Southwestern China Plateau, China were investigated using a soil Po fractionation scheme, and the relationships between Po, inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and pollution status were also discussed. The results show that the rank order of Po fractions was: residual Po>HCl-Po>fulvic acid-P>humic acid-P>NaHCO3-Po, with their average relative proportion 8.7:4.6:3.2:2.1:1.0. Po fractions, especially nonlabile Po, were significantly correlated with organic matter, Po and NaOH-Pi. Different distribution patterns of P fractions were observed in those two different regions. Po fractions in the heavily polluted sediments were higher than those in moderately and no polluted sediments, it is suggested that Po should be paid more attention in the lake eutrophication investigation.     

剩余活性污泥和厨余垃圾续批式混合中温消化试验研究

将加碱水解和未水解剩余活性污泥与厨余垃圾混合后进行序批式中温厌氧消化,对生化产甲烷势(BMP)进行了测定.剩余活性污泥的水解通过添加NaOH进行,合理的NaOH投量为40 mmol/L,在25 ℃和35 ℃下经过6 h的水解后SCOD水解率分别提高27.4%和31.1%.厨余垃圾、25℃和35℃下水解污泥的最终甲烷产量分别为607、284、312 mL/g(VS),两种水解污泥比未水解污泥分别高出43%、57.6%,水解污泥和厨余垃圾混合消化的可降解能力要优于未水解污泥和厨余垃圾的混合进料.     

催化超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚

采用CuO/γ-Al2O3和MnO2/γ-Al2O3为催化剂、H2O2为氧化剂,在一连续流固定床反应器中进行了超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚实验.实验结果表明,CuO和MnO2催化剂对于对氨基苯酚的氧化降解具有显著的促进作用.对氨基苯酚的去除率随反应温度和压力的升高、停留时间的延长而提高,在24～26 MPa和400～450℃条件下,数秒钟内COD去除率可达到99%以上,催化剂CuO/γ-Al2O3的催化效果优于MnO2/γ-Al2O3.证明了催化超临界水氧化技术的高效性.     

Fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5-10), and metallic elements of suspended particulates for incense burning at Tzu Yun Yen temple in central Taiwan

Ambient suspended particulate concentrations were measured at Tzu Yun Yen temple (120 degrees, 34('), 10(") E; 24 degrees, 16('), 12(") N) in this study. This is representative of incense burning and semi-open sampling sites. The Universal-sampler collected fine and coarse particle material was used to measure suspended particulate concentrations, and sampling periods were from 16/08/2001 to 2/1/2002 at Tzu Yun Yen temple. In addition, metallic element concentrations, compositions of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) for incense burning at Tzu Yun Yen temple were also analyzed in this study. The PM(2.5)/PM(10) ratios ranged between 31% and 87% and averaged 70+/-11% during incense the burning period, respectively. The median metallic element concentration order for these elements is Fe>Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb>Mn>Ni>Cu in fine particles (PM(2.5)) at the Tzu Yun Yen temple sampling site. The median metallic element concentration order for these elements is Fe>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Mn>Cu in coarse particle (PM(2.5-10)) at the Tzu Yun Yen temple sampling site. Fine particulates (PM(2.5)) are the main portion of PM(10) at Tzu Yun Yen temple in this study. From the point of view of PM(10), these data reflect that the elements Fe, Zn, and Cr were the major elements distributed at Tzu Yun Yen temple in this study.     

Aqueous-phase reactive uptake of dicarbonyls as a source of organic aerosol over eastern North America

We use a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate surface and aircraft measurements of organic carbon (OC) aerosol over eastern North America during summer 2004 (ICARTT aircraft campaign), with the goal of evaluating the potential importance of a new secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathway via irreversible uptake of dicarbonyl gases (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) by aqueous particles. Both dicarbonyls are predominantly produced in the atmosphere by isoprene, with minor contributions from other biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Dicarbonyl SOA formation is represented by a reactive uptake coefficient γ = 2.9 × 10^?3 and takes place mainly in clouds. Surface measurements of OC aerosol at the IMPROVE network in the eastern U.S. average 2.2 ± 0.7 μg C m^?3 for July–August 2004 with little regional structure. The corresponding model concentration is 2.8 ± 0.8 μg C m^?3, also with little regional structure due to compensating spatial patterns of biogenic, anthropogenic, and fire contributions. Aircraft measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol average 2.2 ± 1.2 μg C m^?3 in the boundary layer (<2 km) and 0.9 ± 0.8 μg C m^?3 in the free troposphere (2–6 km), consistent with the model (2.0 ± 1.2 μg C m^?3 in the boundary layer and 1.1 ± 1.0 μg C m^?3 in the free troposphere). Source attribution for the WSOC aerosol in the model boundary layer is 27% anthropogenic, 18% fire, 28% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. In the free troposphere it is 13% anthropogenic, 37% fire, 23% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. Inclusion of dicarbonyl SOA doubles the SOA contribution to WSOC aerosol at all altitudes. Observed and simulated correlations of WSOC aerosol with other chemical variables measured aboard the aircraft suggest a major SOA source in the free troposphere compatible with the dicarbonyl mechanism.     

聚驱污水含聚量对污水处理设备的影响

JZ9-3油田含聚采油污水粘度高、稳定性强,严重影响到现场污水处理流程和设备的运行。为解决这一问题,通过对JZ9-3油田污水处理流程和单元设备的模拟,进行了现场3种净水剂和不同含聚量的含油污水对斜管除油器、气浮选器和过滤器的影响研究。阳离子型净水剂BHQ-203和ICA的除油效果较阴离子型净水剂BHQ-08的除油效果好,能起吸附电中和及架桥作用,斜管除油器处理不同含聚含油污水后其含油量由263.2 mg/L下降到20.73 mg/L,气浮选器的除油率9%～34%,过滤器在进水含油较低(<50 mg/L)的情况下,起到强化除油的作用;含聚量增加,过滤后悬浮物量呈下降趋势,过滤困难,含聚量达到一定值(>600 mg/L)后无法分析悬浮物量;斜管除油器、气浮选器和过滤器出口水样的ζ电位值在-22.5～-42 mV,随含聚量的增加而变小,污水稳定性增加。研究结果用以指导现场工艺设备的改造。