北京地区表层土中饱和烃组成特征及成因分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品检测结果,分析了研究区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物的化学组成及其分布特征,并对其来源进行了讨论。结果表明：（1）北京地区表层土壤中分布有多种类型的烃类污染物,已检测到的饱和烃化合物主要包括正构烷烃、无环类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃（异构与反异构烷烃）、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷类等系列化合物中的数百种单体化合物;（2）不同环境功能区,同一地区土地使用情况不同或周围环境不同的土壤样品中饱和烃的质量分数和组成特征均存在较大的差别,其中正构烷烃的质量分数为0.25~4.72μg.g-1;（3）随着距离城中心的距离减小,表土中饱和烃质量分数增高,南部地区饱和烃的质量分数高于北部地区;（4）表层土壤中饱和烃的来源比较复杂,主要来自于化石燃料及木材的不完全燃烧产物,部分地区有少量矿物油及其衍生物的输入。     

试论地震预测预报的公关宣传策略

从社会科学的公共关系学和公关心理学理论并结合地震探索的实践上对地震预测预报问题进行了讨论。指出过去对该科学领域的评价与宣传报道有不尽完善之处。文中尝试给出了关于地震能否预测, 如何评价等敏感问题的公关宣传策略。     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

吹扫捕集/气联用测定水中25种有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的方法。采用相对经济的氮气作为吹扫气体,优化了吹扫捕集和色谱条件,结果表明,25种挥发性有机物的色谱分离情况较好,在2.0~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限在0.02~0.2μg/L范围内。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,平均回收率为87.3%~108.3%。该方法前处理简单快速,采用内标法定量准确度高,重复性好,检出限低,适合低浓度水样的分析。     

炼油企业设备完整性管理初始状态评价探索与实践

针对某炼厂试点装置的设备完整性管理体系执行状况开展了初始状态评价。本次评价以美国职业安全与卫生署《化学品过程安全管理》设备完整性要素为基础,结合过程安全管理符合性导则与建议、机械完整性实施指南等业界最佳实践,编制评价问项,组建包含管理、工艺、设备人员和承包商在内的评价工作组,采取查阅档案、信息化平台纪录,面对面访谈,作业现场考察与验证,评价工作会等方式,以半定量的方式找出了设备完整性管理体系较高的残余风险,对设备完整性管理体系框架结构和管理文件体系以及绩效指标体系提出了针对性改进建议。     

物元分析法在盐城自然保护区近海海域水质评价中的应用

物元分析是用来处理在某些条件下用通常的方法无法达到预期目标的不相容问题的一种分析方法,本研究在简要阐述物元分析基本理论思想的基础上,应用该方法对盐城自然保护区近海海域水质进行综合评价。结果表明：该海域水质符合GB3097—1997海水水质的二类标准,水域污染类型以氮磷营养盐为主。评价结果既客观地反映了该海域的综合水质现状,又能直观表达各污染指标的贡献权重,计算过程意义明确、条理严密、可复制性强,可在其他环境因素的质量评价理论方法和应用中借鉴和推广。     

Photo-induced transformations of Hg(Ⅱ) species in the presence of Nitzschia hantzschiana,ferric ion,and humic acid

Effects of algae Nitzschia hantzschiana, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, humic acid, and pH on the photochemical reduction of Hg(Ⅱ) using the irradiation of metal halide lamps (λ 365 nm, 250 W) were investigated. The photoreduction rate of Hg(Ⅱ) was found to increase with increasing concentrations of algae, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, and humic acid. Alteration of pH value affected the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution with or without algae. The photoreduction rate of Hg(II) decreased with increasing initial Hg(Ⅱ) concentration in aqueous solution in the presence of algae. The photochemical kinetics of initial Hg(Ⅱ) and algae concentrations on the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) were studied at pH 7.0. The study on the total Hg mass balance in terms of photochemical process revealed that more than 42% of Hg(Ⅱ) from the algal suspension was reduced to volatile metallic Hg under the conditions investigated.     

Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China

As a new emerging environmental contaminant, perchlorate has prompted people to pay more attention. The presence of perchlorate in the human body can result in improper regulation of metabolism for adults. Furthermore, it also causes developmental and behavioral problems for infants and children because it can interfere with iodide uptake into the thyroid tissue. In this paper, perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was detected for investigating the perchlorate pollution status in China. The places, where the samples were collected, cover most regions of China. Therefore, the final data on perchlorate levels will give an indication of the perchlorate pollution status in China. The final determination of perchlorate was performed by ion chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with negative mode. The concentration of perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was in the range of 0.56-379.9 microg/kg, 0.16-4.88 mug/kg, 0.037-2.013 microg/L and 0.30-9.1 microg/L, respectively. The results show that perchlorate has been widespread in China.     

地质统计学在水环境研究中的应用

污染物迁移参数的空间变异性是当前水环境领域的研究热点之一,而地质统计学在这方面的研究,有着很好的应用前景。简单叙述了地质统计学的理论及方法,并介绍了其在水环境研究中的最新应用,基于这些应用的案例,对地质统计学在水环境研究中的应用现状进行了分析与评价。     

紫外光谱法测定苯酚与苯胺和对苯二酚

苯酚、苯胺和对苯二酚在紫外区具有吸收。文章采用紫外光谱法,分别对苯酚、笨胺和对苯二酚不同浓度的溶液进行紫外扫描,结果表明苯酚、苯胺和对苯二酚的最大吸收波长分别为269.9 nm,280.30 nm,289.40 nm,对于同种物质不同浓度的溶液,其最大吸收波长相同;波长一定的情况下,物质的浓度越高,吸光度越大。然后通过加和性试验,分别对40 mg/L苯酚溶液、30 mg/L苯胺溶液、50 mg/L对苯二酚溶液进行紫外线扫描,将其相应波长的吸光度加和,再对单组分浓度相同的三组分混合溶液进行扫描,将实际加和与理论加和相比较,得出三组分的吸光度具有加和性。