论长江上游水土保持与农业持续发展

长江上游广大山丘区社会发展的历史证明：水土流失严重破坏了人类赖以生存的水土资源，影响了当地农业生产的发展。从１９８９年开展实施的长江上游水土保持重点防治工程，６年来以其显著的经济、生态和社会效益说明：水土保持不仅控制土壤侵蚀，改善生态环境，而且维护了自然资源的永续利用，成为支持长江上游山丘区农业持续发展的重要基础工程。     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

山海关区农村生态环境状况及保护对策

从山海关区农村生态环境现状出发,客观分析了农村生态环境存在的水体污染、土壤污染、水土流失等问题,以及影响农村生态环境的主要因素,如污水和垃圾的无组织排放、化肥和农药的不合理使用、基础设施差、监管缺位等,提出应从环保体制、环保意识、基础设施建设、自然资源保护、污染防治、强化监管等方面采取切实可行的措施,保护农村生态环境。     

灰色系统方法在城市生活垃圾量预测中的应用

利用灰色关联分析方法分析了影响城市生活垃圾量的因素，建立了生活垃圾量的ＧＭ（１，１）预测模型，预测了未来的城市生活垃圾量。该法具有较高的精度，简便，可行。     

关于建立我国光污染防治体系的思考与建议

本文对建立符合国情的光污染防治体系提出相关建议。首先阐述了光污染的概况;然后对国内外光污染防治的立法现状进行研究和探讨;最后提出具体的立法构想。与欧美和日本等发达国家相比,我国的光污染防治工作才刚起步,关于光污染防治的环境立法还是空白,对光污染防治的系统性研究处于初始阶段。以经济、生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采用符合国情的立法模式,修订《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,制定光污染防治单行法《光污染防治法》,制定光环境质量标准和排放标准,建立光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染。     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)共聚物的合成及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAM)为单体,采用水溶液自由基胶束共聚合法合成了疏水缔合阳离子型共聚物P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM),并对其进行了红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征。实验结果表明:在P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)加入量为14 mg/L、絮凝温度为30~60℃、硅藻土悬浊液pH为8~11时,P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)对硅藻土悬浊液的絮凝效果最好,上清液透光率高达97.5%。     

非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺（AM）和烷基酚聚醚（APAP）为单体,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了流动性好的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂（PAM-APAP）。考察了乳化剂和引发剂的种类、单体总质量分数、单体配比和反应温度等因素对聚合反应的影响。实验结果表明,制备PAM-APAP的最佳工艺条件为：单体总质量分数35%、m（AM）∶m（APAP）=9.0∶1.0、Span80+Tween80复配乳化剂加入量为油水总质量的7%、m（Span80）∶m（Tween80）=7.0∶1.5、V50加入量为单体总质量的1.5‰、反应温度50℃。PAM-APAP具有较好的絮凝效果,与其他絮凝剂相比用量较少,在加入量为100mg/L时,对聚合物驱油中产生的含聚合物污水的浊度去除率为87.9%,去油率为89.5%,且絮体不黏壁。     

基于环境地理信息平台的预警系统的构建

随着经济的高速发展,环境污染事故也呈现出上升的势头,环境污染事故不仅造成了环境危害,而且对人民群众的安全产生了重大威胁。鉴于环境污染事故的多发性、危害性,应急处置显然非常重要,而构建强大的应急处置信息系统有助于应急处置和分析决策的顺利进行。本文分析了环境应急处置需求,提出了建立环境污染应急管理信息系统的设计框架。