中国分省道路交通二氧化碳排放因子

基于本地化的综合移动源排放模型（Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator,MOVES）模型模拟典型机动车的CO₂排放因子,并建立排放因子与速度变化关系的评估方程,结合各省路网平均速度与区域电网排放因子核算中国31个省份分车型的CO₂排放因子.同时,综合考虑载客汽车的载客量和客座率,载货汽车的载重量和载货率,建立各省单位客运,货运周转量的机动车CO₂排放因子库.结果表明,各类机动车的平均CO₂排放因子分别为：柴油公交车0.880kgCO₂/km,重型货车0.877kgCO₂/km,电动公交车0.676kgCO₂/km,中型货车0.508kgCO₂/km,轻型货车0.374kgCO₂/km,柴油小客车0.227kgCO₂/km,微型货车0.216kgCO₂/km,汽油小客车0.203kgCO₂/km,电动小客车0.108kgCO₂/km,摩托车0.062kgCO₂/km.车辆满载时,柴油公交车和电动公交车的人均CO₂排放量比汽油小客车分别降低了63%和73%,电动小客车的人均CO₂排放量较汽油和柴油小客车分别下降了46%和51%.较高的机动车保有量,频繁的道路拥堵导致上海,北京和重庆等市的机动车CO₂排放因子相对较高.倡导公共交通,提高客座率,降低私家车使用频率,推广纯电动汽车并通过减少道路拥堵以提高车速是降低道路交通CO₂排放量的有效途径.     

长期饥饿后SPNA微颗粒污泥系统性能恢复

为了确定长期饥饿后连续流一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（SPNA）工艺的性能恢复情况,采用连续流反应器,考察了在室温下（11~23℃）经历161d饥饿期的SPNA系统性能恢复策略的可行性及脱氮性能和菌群结构变化.通过控制DO浓度及进水氨氮负荷,逐渐实现亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的抑制和淘汰、氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）的活性恢复和富集.在68d内系统总氮去除率恢复至72.13%,氨氮去除率恢复至94.75%.微颗粒污泥（³200μm）的占比从42.04%升至60.98%.微生物群落结构分析发现,停止运行161d后系统Candidatus Kuenenia的相对丰度升至25.53%,表现出较强的抵抗饥饿条件的能力,系统恢复后其相对丰度逐渐降低,接近反应器饥饿前水平.AOB的高底物利用能力是系统恢复的前提,AnAOB活性的提高是系统恢复的关键.系统性能的成功恢复表明室温下161d饥饿期对系统造成的影响是可逆的,长期室温下储存SPNA污泥是可行的.     

Comparing dark- and photo-Fenton-like degradation of emerging pollutant over photo-switchable Bi2WO6/CuFe2O4: Investigation on dominant reactive oxidation species

The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) poses a threat to human health and the aquatic environment. Here, magnetic p-n Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ catalyst was fabricated to efficiently remove TCH. The obtained Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ exhibited 92.1% TCH degradation efficiency and 50.7% and 35.1% mineralization performance for TCH and raw secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in a photo-Fenton-like system, respectively. The remarkable performance was attributed to the fact that photogenerated electrons accelerated the Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) conversion for the Fenton-like reaction between Fe(II)/Cu(I) and H₂O₂, thereby generating abundant ?OH for pollutant oxidation. Various environmental factors including H₂O₂ concentration, initial pH, catalyst dosage, TCH concentration and inorganic ions were explored. The reactive oxidation species (ROS) quenching results and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra confirmed that ?O₂^? and ?OH were responsible for the dark and photo-Fenton-like systems, respectively. The degradation mechanisms and pathways of TCH were proposed, and the toxicity of products was evaluated. This work contributes a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst and provides a clear mechanistic explanation for the removal of antibiotic pollutants in environmental remediation.     

Effect of alkaline earth metal promoter on catalytic activity of MnO2 for the complete oxidation of toluene

Herein, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ are introduced to MnO₂ through cation-exchange method. The presence of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ significantly enhance the catalytic activity of MnO₂ in toluene oxidation. Among them, the Ca-MnO₂ catalyst exhibits the best catalytic activity (T₅₀ = 194°C, T₉₀ = 215°C, E_a = 57.2 kJ/mol, reaction rate 8.40 × 10^?10 mol/(sec?m²) at 210°C. T₅₀ and T₉₀: the temperature of 50% and 90% toluene conversion; E_a: apparent activation energy) and possess high tolerance against 2.0 vol.% water vapor. Results reveal that the increased acidic sites of the MnO₂ sample can enhance the adsorption of gaseous toluene, and the mobility of oxygen species and the content of reactive oxygen species in the catalyst are significantly improved due to the formed oxygen vacancy. Thus these two factors result in excellent catalytic performance for toluene oxidation combining with the weak CO₂ adsorption ability.     

境外高风险地区项目医疗服务需求分析及对策

针对目前中资企业在境外的项目大都位于欠发达的高风险地区,能够得到的外界医疗服务支持有限等特点,对境外高风险地区的疾病谱进行了分析,通过疾病划分、配置标准和急救防疫3个重点建设环节,探讨了完善境外高风险地区项目医疗服务机构的构建流程,并形成持续性的动态优化,使境外项目的工作人员得到切实可靠的医疗保障.     

加油站职业健康管理现状与应对措施

从能源企业工作实践出发,分析了加油站存在的主要职业病危害因素,针对加油站职业健康管理工作现状,分析其特点和存在不足,并提出相应的改进策略。     

固定顶储罐VOCs排放核算影响因素研究

根据《石化行业VOCs污染源排查工作指南》中固定顶储罐VOCs排放的核算公式,通过控制变量法,系统性地研究了储存温度、环境状况、罐漆颜色、储存物料、储存高度及周转量等因素对储罐排放的影响,在对主要影响因素进行分析的基础上,提出针对性的减排措施。     

低温干式接头密封失效泄漏扩散数值模拟

针对低温干式接头密封失效造成甲烷泄漏的情况,采用CFD软件FLACS对LNG气化后的泄漏扩散过程进行数值模拟,对甲烷扩散过程的浓度分布及云团扩散速度进行研究,并分析了泄漏过程中可燃气体云团量的变化情况。结果表明:LNG泄漏后迅速气化扩散,40 s后各监测浓度维持稳定;最远扩散距离约40 m,气体扩散总范围最长直径约70 m,扩散最高处大约1.5 m; 120 s内LNG泄漏量为30 kg,气化后天然气体积为42.3 m~3,可燃气体云团量为140 m~3;LNG泄漏吸收空气中的热量,在地面形成流动层,贴近地面浓度高,远离地面浓度低,随着高度上升气体的可燃爆炸危险区域逐步缩小。     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

Nitrification potentials of Chinese tea orchard soils and their adjacent wasteland and forest soils

To investigate the nitrifying activities of di erent soil types, soil samples collected from 8-, 50- and 90-year old tea orchards, the adjacent wasteland, and 90-year old forest were measured for their nitrification potentials using the conventional soil incubation and the liquid incubation method. Among di erent soil types, the nitrification potential of soil in tea orchards was higher than that of wasteland and forest soils. The slurry shaken liquid incubation method was confirmed to be more accurate and have reliable results than the soil incubation. Interestingly, experimental result revealed that the generally applied pH value of 7.2 for the liquid media was not the optimal pH for these acid soils with a strong bu er capacity. This suggested that tea orchard soils may have nitrifiers requiring pHneutral condition for the best activity. Our data also showed that treatment with the commonly used nitrogen fertilizer urea significantly improved nitrification potential of the soils; such enhancement e ect was stronger on all of three tea orchard soils than on wasteland and forest soils, and also stronger on the younger (8- and 50-year old) tea orchard soils than on the older one (90-year old).