Improved biogas production from rice straw by co-digestion with kitchen waste and pig manure

In order to investigate the effect of feedstock ratios in biogas production, anaerobic co-digestions of rice straw with kitchen waste and pig manure were carried out. A series of single-stage batch mesophilic (37 ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestions were performed at a substrate concentration of 54 g/L based on volatile solids (VS). The results showed that the optimal ratio of kitchen waste, pig manure, and rice straw was 0.4:1.6:1, for which the C/N ratio was 21.7. The methane content was 45.9–70.0% and rate of VS reduction was 55.8%. The biogas yield of 674.4 L/kg VS was higher than that of the digestion of rice straw or pig manure alone by 71.67% and 10.41%, respectively. Inhibition of biogas production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) occurred when the addition of kitchen waste was greater than 26%. The VFA analysis showed that, in the reactors that successfully produced biogas, the dominant intermediate metabolites were propionate and acetate, while they were lactic acid, acetate, and propionate in the others.     

Colloidal diatomite, radionickel, and humic substance interaction: a combined batch, XPS, and EXAFS investigation

This work determined the influence of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) on the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) onto diatomite by using batch experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) methods. Macroscopic and spectroscopic experiments have been combined to see the evolution of the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) in the presence of HA/FA as compared with that in the absence of HA/FA. The results indicated that the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite presents the expected solution pH edge at 7.0, which is modified by addition of HA/FA. In the presence of HA/FA, the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite increased below solution pH 7.0, while Ni(II) interaction decreased above solution pH 7.0. XPS analysis suggested that the enrichment of Ni(II) onto diatomite may be due to the formation of (≡SO)₂Ni. EXAFS results showed that binary surface complexes and ternary surface complexes of Ni(II) can be simultaneously formed in the presence of HA/FA, whereas only binary surface complexes of Ni(II) are formed in the absence of HA/FA, which contribute to the enhanced Ni(II) uptake at low pH values. The results observed in this work are important for the evaluation of Ni(II) and related radionuclide physicochemical behavior in the natural soil and water environment.     

走循环经济之路 发展绿色矿业 建设绿色矿山——访中国矿业联合会会长、全国政协人口资源环境委员会副主任李元

为了积极推进矿业领域循环经济的发展,开展国家级绿色矿山建设试点示范工作,2010年9月11—12日,由中国矿业联合会、国土资源部规划司联合主办的"2010年中国矿业循环经济论坛"在山西大同市召开,对矿业领域发展循环经济,建设国家级绿色矿山试点工作进行了交流和部署。根据国土资源部明确要求,中国矿业联合会要加快研究完善绿色矿山建设具体标准和办法,会同有关行业协会组织做好国家级试点矿山的推荐和评估工作,积极搭建绿色矿山建设交流与合作平台,为试点矿山提供经验交流和技术咨询等服务,切实承担起全面推进绿色矿山建设的业务支撑。此次会议之后,本刊记者就矿业领域发展循环经济,建设绿色矿山等问题专访了中国矿业联合会会长、全国政协人口资源环境委员会副主任李元。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal for swine wastewater by ammonium crystallization and intermittent aeration process

Abstract

A process on crystallized precipitation of ammonium by adding magnesium salt and phosphate was carried out to improve C/N ratio in swine wastewater. After completion of crystallized precipitation of ammonium, an intermittent aeration process with aeration and non‐aeration periods alternated at interval of 1:1 hr day^‐1 is used for the improved swine wastewater (T‐N/BOD=0.14: BOD=8200 mg/liter and T‐N=1166 mg/liter). The results obtained from the experiment show that the removal ratios of T‐N and NH₄‐N are 91% and 99%, respectively. T‐P is not removed, while the removal ratio of PO₄‐P is 60% as 3% of CaCl₂ liquid is added. The results also indicate that dilution with water is effective to improve the removal of phosphorus even if raw swine wastewater contains high concentrations of T‐N, T‐P, BOD, and TOC.     

VP型宽频带倾斜仪的同震响应衰减关系研究∗

基于徐州台和常熟台 2 套 VP 型宽频带倾斜仪记录到的 186 次同震形变波,统计分析其振幅-震级特征,分区对比研究其衰减关系,结合观测资料计算仪器特征参数,通过岩芯试验获取场地基岩性质,综合分析仪器观测效能。结果表明：(1)相比于常熟台,徐州台的 NS 向和 EW 向拟合均较为稳定,记震能力更好;(2)不同构造分区中拟合的振幅-震级关系,随着震中距增大,最大振幅幅值呈指数上升且拟合程度显著增强;(3)仪器基墩稳定性对同震响应存在一定的影响,基墩稳定性好,观测数据年零漂小,同震记录相对稳定;不同岩性的基墩对同震记录的敏感性存在差异,同震响应振幅与基墩弹性模量成反比。     

基于高光谱遥感的沿海河口无机氮浓度空间分布特征解译

利用39组样本的野外实测光谱结合Hyperion影像资料,建立了高悬沙含量沿海河口可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)的高光谱定量遥感解译模型,实现DIN浓度空间分布规律的遥感反演及动态监测.研究发现,当悬沙浓度0.1kg/m3时,DIN浓度与悬沙含量之间呈显著的倒数相关关系,相关系数R2为0.617.据此首先将重采样处理后的野外实测光谱与同步DIN浓度数据进行统计相关分析,筛选出2个对DIN浓度变化敏感的波段,中心波长分别为630nm和804nm;然后利用波段反射率R804和R630计算出仿泥沙遥感参数因子R804×R630/(R804-R630),建立其与实测DIN浓度的非线性遥感模型,29组建模样本和10组检验样本的相关系数R2分别为0.746和0.67,DIN浓度平均绝对误差分别为109.07μg/L和147.58μg/L.将该非线性遥感模型应用于Hyperion影像,获得了射阳河口DIN浓度的空间分布特征,DIN浓度的变化范围为52～513μg/L.可以看出,在以悬沙为主要悬浮物的沿海河口,遥感解译得到的DIN浓度扩散趋势与潮流的运动以及悬沙的运移规律密切相关.因此,在无需了解水动力状况的条件下,高光谱遥感是对DIN浓度进行动态监测的有效手段.     

异步周期换向电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水及其机理研究

针对传统电凝聚法处理废水过程中易出现的电极表面钝化和极化而影响处理效果的现象,采用铝和铁板作为两极同步换向方法,通过周期性改变电流方向使电极钝化和极化现象得以减缓或消失,并实现两极均可溶,利用铝、铁系无机絮凝剂共存时可提高处理效果的特点,对活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水进行处理;通过正交试验,获得了该方法的最佳处理条件.在此基础上,为避免金属铝成分在废水中出现剩余影响水质,采用异步周期换向方式加以改进,考察了铝、铁电极不同通电时间对处理效果的影响,并利用紫外-可见光分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、ICP法、高分辨质谱技术、激光粒度分析仪等手段对废水处理过程主导因素和污染物去除机理以及该方法对强化处理效果的作用机理进行了分析.研究表明,最佳条件下采用异步换向周期电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水30 min可使模拟废水脱色率接近100%,COD去除率可达76%以上;处理过程中起主导作用的是电凝聚过程而非电氧化还原过程;除大部分染料分子被电凝聚气浮或沉降导致脱色外,其余的活性艳蓝X-BR染料分子在电解作用下首先断裂生成了1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根,之后1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根又被直接絮凝上浮或沉降,或者在氢离子作用下发生了加氢反应使双键消失而脱色,模拟废水脱色是上述作用的综合结果.采用改进后的异步周期换向电凝聚法可以使铝铁离子凝聚过程形成的絮体具有更为合理的粒度和结构特性,从而更易于被去除,因此处理效果略优于同步换向和定向电流电凝聚过程,且可以实现处理后废水中铝离子含量降低到无法检出,避免其在处理后的废水中出现剩余影响水质.     

对国家污染减排核查核算工作的认识和思考

针对当前安全环保严峻形势下环保部的污染物减排核查核算重点,结合大港油田滨海热电厂生产现场实际情况,分析核查核算中可能存在的问题,提出建立健全污染物减排档案、升级和完善DCS系统、加强在线监测运行管理和脱硫脱硝设施运行维护管理等可行性建议,以期不断改进环保管理,提高污染减排工作效果。     

采矿作业眼伤害的原因及对策

眼伤害在采矿作业的职业伤害中占有很高的比例,眼睛是接收获取信息的重要途径,保护作业者的眼睛必须予以高度重视。在B采矿企业的调查分析找出可能的伤害因素,并制定相应的解决方案,提高作业者的自我防护意识、选择符合相关的标准和法规要求、适合作业者脸型且佩戴舒适的眼护具,并促使其正确使用和维护等措施,不仅帮助了作业者降低职业眼伤害的风险,而且维护作业者和企业的长远利益。     

热水环境中Na+活化斜发沸石吸附钙离子除硬过程研究

本实验以Na+活化天然斜发沸石为吸附剂模拟研究其在工业热水环境中对钙离子(Ca2+)吸附除硬,考察了吸附剂的活化/再生条件、溶液p H等影响因素,并对Ca2+吸附动力学和热力学行为进行了分析探讨.结果表明:1该吸附过程具有准二级动力学特征且更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;2温度升高可有效提升Ca2+吸附效率,而对其最大吸附量影响较小;3过程属化学吸附且为自发、吸热的熵增反应;4建议溶液p H控制在6~10之间,且当初始Ca2+浓度小于20 mg·L-1时活化斜发沸石可再生高效使用9次以上.研究证明活化斜发沸石是一种工业热能动力系统高温在线除硬的理想吸附剂.