我国粉煤灰生态环境标准体系现状及建议

对我国粉煤灰管理相关的现行法律法规、部门规章和文件及有关标准进行了梳理,结果显示,现行生态环境标准中尚无专门针对粉煤灰的污染环境防治技术标准,粉煤灰的环境管理中适用的是一般工业固体废物相关标准,且标准数量较少,覆盖面不全。粉煤灰在产生、收集、运输环节还缺乏污染环境防治技术标准,也缺乏针对粉煤灰各综合利用方式的污染环境防治技术标准,不利于粉煤灰的综合利用和污染防控。目前,粉煤灰生态环境标准体系需要在全过程管理环节以及促进综合利用、污染防治、风险防控、信息化建设等方面进一步完善。

     

铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除水中四环素效能及机理

以蓝藻为原料制备生物炭,通过考察不同温度制备的蓝藻生物炭对四环素的吸附效能,筛选最优制备温度。采用液相还原法制备不同铁炭比的铁改性蓝藻生物炭,研究其对四环素的去除效能、影响因素及去除机理。结果表明：在700 ℃、铁炭质量比为1∶1条件下制备的铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素具有高效去除能力,60 min去除率可达87.2%,为改性前的1.2倍,吸附类型符合伪二级动力学方程（R²>0.99）。通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射探讨铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除四环素性能与其结构的关系。结果表明,铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素的去除机理主要为吸附和化学降解作用,零价铁作为电子供体促进氧化还原反应的发生,含氧官能团作为电子转移桥梁在吸附降解过程中起着重要作用。影响因素试验结果表明,阴离子对铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除水中四环素效能的影响程度为SO₄ ²⁻>Cl⁻,阳离子影响程度为Ca²⁺>Na⁺,有机质黄腐酸相对于离子强度影响程度较弱。铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素类抗生素具有良好的去除能力,可为蓝藻资源化提供思路。

     

地冲击荷载作用下双层结构磁流变阻尼器隔震效果的数值模拟

在抗爆结构中,一般采用单层隔震系统进行隔震,目前单层隔震系统的最大隔震率可以达到90%以上,但在加速度峰值很高的冲击荷载作用下,隔震后的结构响应加速度仍然很大。鉴于这种情况,本文对加入磁流变阻尼器(MRD)的双层隔震系统进行了研究。针对抗爆结构的两种典型荷载,采用改进Bouc-Wen模型和模糊控制方法,利用Matlab Simulink对双层隔震系统进行了数值模拟,计算了不同荷载作用下,不同隔震系统的加速度、位移及结构的振动剂量值(VDV)的响应,并与结构采用单层隔震系统的结果进行了对比。结果表明,与单层隔震系统相比,带有磁流变阻尼器的双层隔震系统没有太多的优越性。     

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.     

Bio-VOCTM呼吸采样器样品转移流程评价及优化

人体呼出气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）分析已应用于环境暴露评估和疾病诊断等领域,其中肺泡气可以排除来自周围环境以及口腔和鼻腔内死腔气体的干扰,准确反映暴露及内源性代谢物水平。对采集肺泡气的Bio-VOC^TM呼吸采样器转移样品至吸附管的常规操作流程进行评价及优化。使用Bio-VOC^TM呼吸采样器采集含有丙酮、异戊二烯、乙醇、正丁醇、正己烷和正庚烷6种VOCs的呼出气模拟样品,比较不同方式转移至吸附管对模拟样品转移效率的影响,采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法（TD-GC-MS）对吸附管中样品进行分析,并将优化转移方式应用于实际人群呼出气样品分析。结果表明：按照Bio-VOC^TM呼吸采样器常规转移方式,模拟样品中6种VOCs的转移效率均低于50%且不稳定;降低转移流量后,转移效率有所提高,进一步优化后转移效率可达90.0%—101.0%,相对标准偏差均小于5%。转移方式优化后,检测到的人体呼出气样品中3种VOCs的峰面积响应值显著提高（P＜0.01）。优化方式提高了使用Bio-VOC^TM呼吸采样器采集肺泡气进行VOCs分析的准确性和可靠性,为肺泡气采集方法的标准化提供了科学依据。     

Low-reactive circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ashes as source material for geopolymer synthesis

In this contribution, low-reactive circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ashes (CFAs) have firstly been utilized as a source material for geopolymer synthesis. An alkali fusion process was employed to promote the dissolution of Si and Al species from the CFAs, and thus to enhance the reactivity of the ashes. A high-reactive metakaolin (MK) was also used to consume the excess alkali needed for the fusion. Reactivities of the CFAs and MK were examined by a series of dissolution tests in sodium hydroxide solutions. Geopolymer samples were prepared by alkali activation of the source materials using a sodium silicate solution as the activator. The synthesized products were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractography (XRD), as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of this study indicate that, via enhancing the reactivity by alkali fusion and balancing the Na/Al ratio by additional aluminosilicate source, low-reactive CFAs could also be recycled as an alternative source material for geopolymer production.     

自然通风排热量的近似计算法

采用“假设密闭绝热空间法”,计算工业厂房的自然通风排热量。实践证明,此方法是可行的。     

三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

大连湾表层海水CO2、CH4和N2O的分布及海-气交换通量

根据2009和2010年两个航次对大连湾进行的大面调查,测定了不同季节表层海水中CO2分压、CH4和N2O的水平分布。结果表明,大连湾表层海水pCO2的季节变化不大,秋冬两季表层海水pCO2范围分别为44.00~51.55 Pa和35.45~56.21 Pa,统计平均值分别为47.77 Pa和40.05 Pa;大连湾表层海水中溶解CH4浓度的季节变化不大,但其饱和度差异明显,秋季远高于冬季;海水中溶解N2O饱和度的季节变化不大,浓度变化较显著,冬季远高于秋季。利用Liss和Merlivat公式和Wanninkhof公式分别估算了大连湾秋冬2个季节三者的海-气交换通量,结果表明秋季大连湾为大气CO2、CH4和N2O的源区,而冬季大连湾主要为大气CO2的汇区,是大气CH4和N2O的源区。