环境因子对湖泊沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响

以富营养化湖泊的沉积物湿样为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了pH、温度和氧气对沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响．结果表明,实验过程维持pH值动态恒定,当起始pH值为1或12时,沉积物磷化氢消失很快;起始pH值为10时,吸附态磷化氢的净积累量较大;起始pH值4～12的条件下,向沉积物一水体系中加碱可使吸附态磷化氢的积累量增加．温度对吸附态磷化氢的生成和释放均有影响,20℃时沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净积累量最大．氧气对吸附态磷化氢的影响不显．沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净含量是其生成和释放相互平衡后的结果．     

Recovery of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution by induced crystallization in a long-term operation

The feasibility of copper recovery by induced crystallization in a long period(174 days) was investigated in a seeded fluidized bed reactor(FBR). The process was divided into 3 periods according to different influent conditions, and the period III was separated into III-a and IIIb due to the adjustment of the molar ratio of CO_3~(2-)concentration to copper concentration([CT]/[Cu~(2+)]). The removal efficiency could exceed 95% and the average effluent copper concentration decreased to 3.0 mg/L. The mean particle size of seed grains with copper crystals coating on, raised to 0.36 mm from initial 0.18 mm. During period III-a, the supersaturation exceeded 2.88 × 104, the removal efficiency decreased to 60%–80% and the particle size dropped to 0.30 mm, due to the generation of fines by homogeneous crystallization and seeds breaking. And the morphology of the crystals on the seed grains changed from rod-like to spherical which lead to the particle size decreasing. In period III-b,the supersaturation was modified by adjusting the molar ratio of [CT]/[Cu2+] to 1.2 from 2.The efficiency was back to 95% and the mean particle size grew to 0.36 mm at the end of IIIb, the crystals coating on the seeds turned back to rod-like products of good stability. This study illustrated that the copper salt crystal could keep on growing on the seed grains for over 150 days, the feasibility and controllability of copper recovery by induced crystallization process in FBR were satisfactory, even under the dramatic changes in influent conditions.     

试论矿区生态重建

针对矿区土地复垦涉及学科多、面广,而我国矿区生态重建基础理论研究又十分薄弱,许多基本概念和问题尚未获得统一认识,呈现出零散、杂乱的现象。基于１０年矿区土地复垦科学研究的实践,分析了由矿区土地复垦到矿区生态重建的研究观念转变、矿区生态重建的基础理论,对矿区生态重建的概念、特点、范围、时间尺度进行了界定,探讨了矿区生态重建研究的认识（论）、方法（论）,并以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例进行了验证。     

关于农业环境质量评价方法几个问题的探讨

从中国多年农业环境质量与评价工作入手,分析了农业环境质量评价的必要性及特点,探讨了农业环境质量评价的科学程序及与农业环境决策的关系。     

我国乡村城市化进程中的“小城镇病”

本文对我国城镇发展过程中出现的布局分散、土地利用粗放、集聚效应差和环境恶化进行分析,指出布局分散是“小城镇病”的根源之所在;作者认为从规模经济考虑,我国城镇发展方针应调整为：发挥大城市集聚一扩散效应,积极发展中小城市,有重点地选择性发展小城镇。     

Effects of soil properties on heavy metal accumulation in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) in Pearl River Delta, China

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil properties on the heavy metal accumulation in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) at the field scale. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) in topsoil and vegetable samples from Nanhai district of Foshan city in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were analyzed. The results showed that 56.5% of the soil samples exceeded the grade II of the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB 15618-1995) for Hg concentrations, while 8.70% and 17.4% of the vegetable samples exceeded the criteria of the Chinese Safety Qualification of Agricultural Products (GB 18406.1-2001) for Cd and Hg concentrations, respectively. The calculated bio-concentration factor (BCF; i.e., the ratio of the metal concentration in the edible parts of flowering Chinese cabbage to that in soil) values were ranked as: Cd (0.1415) > Cr (0.0061) > Hg (0.0012) (p < 0.01), which demonstrated that Cd was easier to be accumulated in the edible parts of flowering Chinese cabbage than Hg and Cr. Furthermore, the following relationships between (bio-concentration factor) BCF values (BCFs) and soil physicochemical properties were concluded from our results: i) the mean BCFs of coarse-textured soils were higher than those of fine-textured soils; ii) the BCFs decreased with increasing soil pH; iii) the soils with high organic matter(OM) and Cation exchange capacity (CEC) have low BCFs, resulting from their high sorption capacities for Cd, Hg, and Cr. The stepwise linear multiple regression analyses showed that total metal concentrations and available calcium in soils were two main factors controlling the accumulation of Cd, Hg, and Cr in the flowering Chinese cabbage.     

Assessment for Salinized Wasteland Expansion and Land Use Change Using GIS and Remote Sensing in the West Part of Northeast China

Due to human impact under climatic variations, western part of Northeast China has suffered substantial land degradation during past decades. This paper presents an integrated study of expansion process of salinized wasteland in Da’an County, a typical salt-affected area in Northeast China, by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The study explores the temporal and spatial characteristics of salinized wasteland expansion from 1954 to 2004, and land use/cover changes during this period. During the past 50 years, the salinized wasteland in study area have increased by 135,995 ha, and in 2004 covers 32.31% of the total area, in the meantime grassland has decreased by 104,697 ha and in 2004 covers only 13.15% of the study area. Grasslands, croplands and swamplands were found the three main land use types converted into salinized wasteland. Land use/cover changes shows that between 1954 and 2004, 48.6% of grasslands, 42.5% of swamplands, and 14.1% of croplands were transformed into salinized wasteland, respectively. Lastly, the major factors influencing salinized wasteland expansion and land use/cover changes were also explored. In general, climatic factors supplied a potential environment for soil salinization. Human-related factors, such as policy, population, overgrazing, and intensified and unreasonable utilization of land and water resources are the main causes of salinized wasteland expansion.     

土壤中腐殖酸对外源农用稀土生物可利用性的影响

采用盆栽实验方法,研究了腐殖酸对稀土元素在土壤-植物体系中的迁移、富集和生物可利用性的影响,结果表明,在试验土壤红壤中,稀土元素主要富集在小麦根部,加入低浓度的腐殖酸后,促进了小麦对稀土元素的吸收：而高浓度的腐殖酸则抑制小麦对稀土元素的吸收,腐殖酸浓度过高时,对小麦生长产生毒害作用,同时发现,小麦中叶绿素含量与小麦中稀土含量存在相关关系。     

发酵-渗透汽化膜技术制无水乙醇研究进展

渗透汽化膜技术作为一种新型的膜分离技术和清洁生产技术,与发酵法相耦合生产燃料乙醇,具有高效、节能和环保的优势。综述了发酵-渗透汽化膜技术的研究进展,介绍了该工艺动力学模型的研究成果,与传统的发酵法进行了经济性对比,阐述了渗透汽化膜技术应用于无水乙醇工业化生产的现状和存在的问题,展望了发酵-渗透汽化膜技术的研究方向。     

泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥新技术处理生活污水的特性研究

基于生物膜法和活性污泥法的联合工艺技术,开发了泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥污水处理新技术.试验阶段,泳动床/好氧颗粒污泥技术表现出高效处理生活污水和实现污泥减量的显著特性.在水力停留时间HRT为3.2 h, COD负荷与NH⁺₄-Ｎ负荷分别为2.03 　kg/(m^３·d) 和0.52 　kg/(m^３·d)时,分别获得COD 90.9%和NH⁺₄-Ｎ 98.3%的平均去除效果.系统运行16 d开始出现好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒呈球形、椭球形和棒形,试验阶段混合液悬浮固体浓度MLSS最高达5 640 mg/L, MLVSS/MLSS平均高达0.87.此外,镜检表明好氧颗粒污泥与生物膜均聚集大量的原生动物和后生动物,形成较长和较稳定的食物链,有利于污泥减量,运行过程中污泥产率（MLSS/COD_removed）为0.175 5,仅为普通好氧工艺的50%左右.