土壤中麦草灵残留的固相萃取—高效液相色谱测定

土壤中麦草灵用酸性乙醇提取，采用固相萃取技术用Ｓｅｐ－Ｐａｋ Ｃ１８柱净化浓缩，以反相离子抑制高效液相色谱分离测定，方法简便、快速、在土壤中的检出下限为０．０４ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１回收率范围在８３．８－８５．８％之间。     

Locally-calibrated light transmission visualization methods to quantify nonaqueous phase liquid mass in porous media

Five locally-calibrated light transmission visualization (LTV) methods were tested to quantify nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) mass and mass reduction in porous media. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was released into a two-dimensional laboratory flow chamber packed with water-saturated sand which was then flushed with a surfactant solution (2% Tween 80) until all of the PCE had been dissolved. In all the LTV methods employed here, the water phase was dyed, rather than the more common approach of dyeing the NAPL phase, such that the light adsorption characteristics of NAPL did not change as dissolution progressed. Also, none of the methods used here required the use of external calibration chambers. The five visualization approaches evaluated included three methods developed from previously published models, a binary method, and a novel multiple wavelength method that has the advantage of not requiring any assumptions about the intra-pore interface structure between the various phases (sand/water/NAPL). The new multiple wavelength method is also expected to be applicable to any translucent porous media containing two immiscible fluids (e.g., water-air, water-NAPL). Results from the sand-water-PCE system evaluated here showed that the model that assumes wetting media of uniform pore size (Model C of Niemet and Selker, 2001) and the multiple wavelength model with no interface structure assumptions were able to accurately quantify PCE mass reduction during surfactant flushing. The average mass recoveries from these two imaging methods were greater than 95% for domain-average NAPL saturations of approximately 2.6x10(-2), and were approximately 90% during seven cycles of surfactant flushing that sequentially reduced the average NAPL saturation to 7.5x10(-4).     

不同混合比牛粪玉米秸中温干发酵产沼性能

设置5组牛粪和玉米秸的混合物（干物质比为0∶1、1∶0、1∶1、1∶2、2∶1）,研究其在中温35℃下干发酵产沼性能,以产沼性能最好实验组的实验数据为基础,对比研究了两类产气模型。研究结果显示：玉米秸与牛粪的混合干发酵运行效果较好;其中,牛粪和玉米秸干物质比为2∶1时产沼效果最好,产气量最高为81 209 mL,干物质产气率为0.312 m3/kg,整个发酵过程中产气量和甲烷的含量比较稳定,CH4含量最高达56.59%,总固体、挥发性固体的去除率相对较高,分别为26.11%和34.27%。一级动力学模型与多项式函数方程2个产气模型拟合检验结果显示,应用简单的多项式函数即可对产气情况进行相对准确的预测。     

Effectiveness of Disinfectants Suitable for Inactivating SARS-CoV-2 at Cold-Chain Temperature

Food and Environmental Virology - To prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation in China, we developed specific cryogenic disinfectants. Carrier tests were performed against...     

采用光谱学技术分析邻苯二甲酸酯与DNA互作机制

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为增塑剂被广泛使用,易渗透到环境中产生环境毒性,多种PAEs已被美国环境保护署和中国环境监测中心列为优先控制污染物,其生态毒理学机制被广泛关注。本试验以小牛胸腺DNA(ct DNA)为供试材料,旨在通过光谱学技术探究PAEs与DNA的相互作用机制。在紫外可见光谱试验中,随着PAEs浓度的增加,DNA紫外光谱出现增色效应,证明DNA的部分碱基对被PAEs破坏,且PAEs与DNA通过嵌插作用结合。荧光光谱试验中,随着PAEs浓度的增加,EBct DNA体系荧光强度逐渐降低,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的最大荧光抑制率分别为55%、50%和36%;KI荧光猝灭试验中,在加入DNA之后KI对DMP、DEP和DBP的荧光猝灭常数Ksv分别从7.992(R2=0.9970)、10.270(R2=0.9960)和13.52(R2=0.9806)降低到6.721(R2=0.9963)、7.047(R2=0.9599)和11.03(R2=0.9803),荧光猝灭常数均降低,实验结果证明PAEs与DNA通过嵌插作用结合。盐离子试验中,随着Na Cl浓度的增加,PAEsct DNA的荧光强度没有发生变化。试验结果排除了PAEs与DNA分子之间沟槽作用的可能,确定了其结合方式为嵌插作用,随着PAEs侧链的逐渐增长,嵌插作用逐渐减弱。     

The profile of antibiotics resistance and integrons of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing thermotolerant coliforms isolated from the Yangtze River basin in Chongqing

The spreading of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing thermotolerant coliforms (TC) in the water environment is a threat to human health but little is known about ESBL-producing TCs in the Yangtze River. We received 319 ESBL-producing stains obtained from the Chongqing basin and we investigated antibiotic susceptibility, bla gene types and the presence of integrons and gene cassettes. 16.8% of TC isolates were ESBL-producing bacteria and bla_TEM+CTx-M was the predominant ESBL type. 65.2% of isolates contained class 1 integrons, but only 3 carried intI 2. Gene cassettes were amplified and sequenced. aadA, drfA, cmlA, sat1, aar3 and two ORF cassettes were found. In conclusion, Yangtze River is heavily polluted by ESBL-producing TC bacteria and the combined bla gene type could enhance antibiotic resistance. Class 1 integrons were widespread in ESBL-producing isolates and play an important role in multi-drug resistance. Characterization of gene cassettes could reveal the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.     

荧光光谱技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

高温好氧堆肥是世界各国资源化利用固体有机废弃物最重要的途径之一,堆肥腐熟度是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度.荧光光谱(FS)技术具有诸多优点,目前已广泛应用于不同来源有机质结构特征的研究,其在堆肥腐熟度评价中具有广阔的应用前景.在分析了FS技术的原理及特点的基础上,从发射光谱、激发光谱、同步FS和三维FS方面详实综述了FS技术在有机固体废弃物堆肥物质转化及腐熟度评价中的应用原理及其国内外进展,并对FS技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中存在的问题及发展前景进行了评述.     

乌梁素海周边土壤溶解性有机质荧光特性及其与Cu(Ⅱ)的配位研究

应用三维荧光光谱研究了乌梁素海周边4种土壤的溶解性有机质荧光特性以及与Cu(Ⅱ)的相互作用.研究结果表明,土壤溶解性有机质具有两个明显的荧光峰(峰A和峰C),且峰A和峰C具有明显的相关性(R2=0.980,P0.001),表明它们具有类似的结构或相同的来源;土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)影响DOM的荧光强度,随着CEC的增加,荧光强度有逐渐增强的趋势.同时,CEC还与有机质的成熟度和结构有关,随着CEC的增加,土壤有机质的腐殖化程度增强;有机质的荧光指数f450/500值分布在1.55—1.79之间,总体而言,f450/500的值接近于1.6,说明土壤中的腐殖质既有生物源也有陆源,但主要来源为陆源;土壤溶解性有机质的两个类富里酸(峰A和峰C)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合常数依次为lgKA=5.3107—5.8303,lgKC=5.0721—5.7924,配位荧光基团比例fA为44.20%—69.82%,fC为52.25%—81.88%,显示土壤溶解性有机质中荧光基因与Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力较大,能与Cu(Ⅱ)配位的配位基较多。     

基于CFD的污泥脱水机房恶臭扩散分布规律研究

污泥脱水机房是污水处理厂恶臭污染最严重的处理单元之一,其恶臭污染危害工作人员和周边居民身体健康。为研究脱水机房恶臭扩散分布规律,运用计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）理论并采用其商用软件FLUENT对脱水机房主要恶臭污染物之一的硫化氢扩散分布进行数值模拟。案例研究了3种典型情景下的硫化氢扩散分布。结果表明,不同通风条件对脱水机房硫化氢扩散分布影响较大。在进行脱水机房设计时,应将脱水机布置于夏季最多风向的下方向,并靠近排风口,使恶臭污染物在最短的路径上排除出去,还应考虑机房其他布置,使工作人员经常接触和经过的地方位于低浓度区。