鸡粪堆肥水溶性有机物转化特性研究

采用离子色谱和三维荧光光谱,分别对鸡粪堆肥不同阶段水溶性有机物(DOM)中典型小分子有机酸、磷酸和荧光有机物进行了研究。分析显示,所研究的7种酸(乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸及磷酸)中,苹果酸的含量最高(1 000 mg/L),草酸的浓度最低(3 mg/L),琥珀酸和柠檬酸未检测到。随着堆肥的进行,各种酸的含量先上升而后下降,堆肥结束降至最低;堆肥过程样品所有荧光峰强度之和与COD达到显著相关(R=0.917,P0.05),类蛋白荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断降低,而类富里酸荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断上升。结果表明,堆肥过程小分子有机酸主要出现在堆肥中期;类蛋白荧光强度或类富里酸荧光强度与总荧光强度之比可以有效表征堆肥腐熟过程。     

Study on the spectral and Cu (II) binding characteristics of DOM leached from soils and lake sediments in the Hetao region

Introduction

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most active component in environmental system and its chemical and structural characteristics most likely influence its biodegradation. Four surface soil (0?C20?cm) and three core sediment samples (0?C10?cm) were collected from Wuliangsuhai Lake. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spectral properties and humification degree of DOM and to determine and discuss comparatively the complexing capacities and stability constants of DOM by Cu (II) in the Hetao region.

Materials and methods

In this study, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence quenching methods were used to evaluate the humification degree of DOM and calculate the complexing capacities and the stability constants between DOM and Cu (II).

Results and discussion

Two defined peaks, at wavelengths of 260??300?nm (peak I) and 300??350?nm (peak II), could be identified for soil DOM at a ???? value of 30?nm. In sediment DOM extracts, a third peak (III) was observed near 364?nm. The results show that there is a significant difference in the structure of DOM because of different sources. The humification degree is significantly higher for soil samples than those of sediment samples. The FT-IR spectra of DOM show that structure in sediment DOM is more functional groups than those in soil DOM. DOM has a stronger Cu binding affinity in soils than in sediment in the Hetao region, which may lead to potentially significant influence on the migration and transformation of Cu (II).     

Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), and investigate the correlation between maturity and WEOM characteristics. WEOM was extracted at different stages of MSW composting (0, 7, 14, 21, and 51 d) and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the composting process decreased aliphatics, alcohols, polysaccharides, as well as protein-like materials, and increased aromatic polycondensation, humification, oxygen-containing functional groups, molecular weight, and humic-like materials. The maturity of MSW during composting was characterized by the presence of the peak with an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 289/421 nm in excitation-emission matrix spectra.     

锁磷剂及覆盖技术对长广溪不同污染类型河段底泥磷释放的控制效果

为探索城郊污染河道底泥磷释放的控制技术,选择无锡市城郊河道长广溪不同污染类型河段(农田区、农田支流区、生活区、工业区、一期修复区、二期修复区、一期修复支流区),采集底泥原状泥柱,进行锁磷剂和黄沙覆盖控磷技术处理,室内培养3周,测定磷的控制效果.结果发现,长广溪不同污染类型河段底泥中磷的释放速率具有明显差异,农田区、农田支流区、生活区、工业区、一期修复区、二期修复区、一期修复支流区的底泥磷的释放速率分别为:0.767、0.383、0.317、0.672、0.370、0.027、0.458μg P·m-2·d-1.除二期修复区外,所有河段的水体磷含量及底泥释放量均较高,生态修复时有必要进行底泥磷释放控制,其中农田区及工业区底泥污染最重,磷的释放速率也最高.锁磷剂和黄沙覆盖对所有河段底泥的磷释放均有较强的控制作用,锁磷剂的控制效率在81.25%—100%之间,黄沙的控制效率在62.50%—93.24%之间;对于农田区、农田支流区、一期修复区及一期修复支流区河段,黄沙和锁磷剂均能有效将底泥磷释放控制到较低水平,满足河道磷控制的目标,但对于工业区和生活区河段,只有锁磷剂能够达到控制目标,黄沙的控制效果不理想.研究表明,在太湖流域的城郊污染河道的生态修复中,锁磷剂和黄沙均可作为底泥磷控制材料使用,黄沙在部分类型水体可以替代锁磷剂,而锁磷剂的效果稳定,作用持久,操作简便,是相对更好的底泥控磷材料.     

The degradation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation: effect of parameters and degradation pathway

In this paper, elimination of two types of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), chlorpyrifos and diazinon spiked in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation was investigated. Results showed that chlorpyrifos and diazinon could be effectively and rapidly degraded by ultrasonic irradiation, and the degradation of both pesticides was strongly influenced by ultrasonic power, temperature and pH value. Furthermore, two and seven products for the degradation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon formed during ultrasonic irradiation have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The hydrolysis, oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydration and decarboxylation were deduced to contribute to the degradation reaction and the degradation pathway for each pesticide under ultrasonic irradiation was proposed. Finally, the toxicity evaluation indicated that the toxicity decreased for diazinon solution after ultrasonic irradiation, but it increased for chlorpyrifos solution. The detoxification of OPPs by ultrasonic irradiation was discriminative.     

生活垃圾堆肥浸提液组成及其演化规律

堆肥浸提液与渗滤液组成相似,研究生活垃圾堆肥浸提液组成与演化特征可以为堆肥过程污染控制和堆肥质量改善提供科学依据。通过基本理化指标和三维荧光光谱分析,研究了生活垃圾堆肥浸提液的组成和转化特性。结果显示,在堆肥一次和二次发酵过程中,浸提液p H由5.43上升至9.24,无机阴离子无显著变化,电导率(EC)稳定在7.50m S/cm上下波动,ORP为正值,总氮从611.08 mg/L下降至177.43 mg/L,NH+4-N和NO-3-N浓度变化不明显,NO-2-N从未检出到后期达10.28 mg/L,有机氮从246.64 mg/L下降至172.52 mg/L。溶解性有有机物含量(DOC)从7 419.00 mg/L降至5 569.00 mg/L,其中的有机物发生降解和转化,生成胡敏酸和富里酸等物质。浸提液中重金属Fe、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和As浓度升高。通过研究发现,在堆肥中添加木屑等填料可以降低浸提液中NH+4-N的浓度,具有除臭作用,同时对p H值、EC和ORP均有调节作用,能提高堆肥的土地可利用性。     

Role of the rhizosphere of a flooding-tolerant herb in promoting mercury methylation in water-level fluctuation zones

The water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) has been considered as a hotspot for mercury (Hg) methylation. Flooding-tolerant herbs are gradually acclimated to this water-land ecotone, tending to form substantial root systems for improving erosion resistance. Accompanying rhizosphere microzone plays crucial but unclear roles in methylmercury (MeHg) formation in the WLFZ. Thus, we conducted this study in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, to explore effects of the rhizosphere of a dominant flooding-tolerant herb (bermudagrass) on MeHg production. The elevated Hg and MeHg in rhizosphere soils suggest that the rhizosphere environment provides favorable conditions for Hg accumulation and methylation. The increased bioavailable Hg and microbial activity in the rhizosphere probably serve as important factors driving MeHg formation in the presence of bermudagrass. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere environments changed the richness, diversity, and distribution of hgcA-containing microorganisms. Here, a typical iron-reducing bacterium (Geobacteraceae) has been screened, however, the majority of hgcA genes detected in rhizosphere, near-, and non-rhizosphere soils of the WLFZ were unclassified. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the elevated MeHg production as related to microbial processes in the rhizosphere of perennial herbs in the WLFZ, with general implications for Hg cycling in other ecosystems with water-level fluctuations.     

城市污水处理脱磷滤料的研究

生物法除磷投资省、成本低,但稳定性较差,当废水中磷酸盐浓度较高时,出水很难达标排放.化学法除磷工艺简单,运行可靠,能达标排放,但运行费用高,产生大量污泥,导致二次污染.文章进行了第三种除磷方法即滤料除磷的研究,并探讨了污水pH及水力停留时间对滤料除磷效果的影响.试验结果表明:煤渣和改性煤渣滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到54%和71%,但处理后的出水不能达标排放;碳酸钙滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到83%,能达标排放,但处理效果与城市污水pH值密切相关.城市污水pH值在8～9的范围,出水不能达标排放;pH值在5～8的范围,处理后的出水则可以达标排放,而且污水pH越低,总磷的去除率越高,其最佳水力停留时间为10 min.该方法具有处理效果好、处理成本低、无污染、投资省、占地面积小的特点.     

渗滤液中溶解性荧光有机物与铅的作用

采用荧光光谱和猝灭滴定实验,结合二维相关分析和区域体积积分分析,研究了生活垃圾渗滤液不同处理阶段样品中溶解性荧光有机物(DFOM)络合Pb(Ⅱ)的特性.结果显示:渗滤液中无机阴离子对Pb(Ⅱ)猝灭DFOM荧光影响较大,它们的存在致使Pb(Ⅱ)对DFOM的荧光猝灭效果不明显.在渗滤液DFOM的各种荧光基团中,Pb(Ⅱ)对类蛋白类物质的荧光猝灭效率高,而对类腐殖质物质的荧光猝灭效率低,这种猝灭特征不随渗滤液处理进行而改变;但Pb(Ⅱ)对调节池和厌氧处理中可溶性微生物降解副产物的荧光猝灭效率低而对氧化沟和MBR出水中DFOM的荧光猝灭效率高.分析结果表明,渗滤液DFOM中类蛋白物质络合Pb(Ⅱ)能力大于类腐殖质物质,经好氧生物处理后,可溶性微生物降解副产物络合Pb(Ⅱ)的能力有所提高.     

In Situ Compatibilization of Isotactic Polypropylene and High-Density Polyethylene by a Melt Cobranching Reaction

Incompatible polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are difficult to separate in mixed recycling streams such as waste plastic packaging, which makes polyolefin mixtures unsuitable for high-quality products. In this work, based on the free radical branching reaction, a co-branching reaction of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blends was carried out in the presence of the peroxide, free radical regulator and multifunctional acrylate monomer, and a star-like long-chain branching (LCB) copolymer was obtained. The effect of in situ compatibilization on the structures and mechanical properties of iPP/HDPE was investigated, and the compatibilization mechanism was discussed. Results showed that the mechanical properties of the modified blends were largely improved, and efficient in-situ compatibilization of iPP and HDPE could be taken place in a wide process window. Moreover, the sizes of the dispersed phase in the modified blends were clearly decreased, and the interfacial thickness increased. Compared with the pure iPP/HDPE blend, the initial crystallization temperature of iPP in the modified iPP/HDPE blend was increased, and long branched chains of the LCB copolymers were physically entangled with the chemical identical homopolymers or even participated in the crystallization of iPP and HDPE. Thanks to the in situ compatibilization strategy, the compatibility of iPP/HDPE was significantly improved.