Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the first year following herbicide and scalping in a revegetation trial in south-east Queensland,Australia

During revegetation, the maintenance of soil carbon (C) pools and nitrogen (N) availability is considered essential for soil fertility and this study aimed to evaluate contrasting methods of site preparation (herbicide and scalping) with respect to the effects on soil organic matter (SOM) during the critical early establishment phase. Soil total C (TC), total N (TN), hot-water extractable organic C (HWEOC), hot-water extractable total N (HWETN), microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), total inorganic N (TIN) and potentially mineralizable N (PMN) were measured over 53 weeks. MBC and MBN were the only variables affected by herbicide application. Scalping caused an immediate reduction in all variables, and the values remained low without any sign of recovery for the period of the study. The impact of scalping on HWETN and TIN lasted 22 weeks and stabilised afterwards. MBC and MBN were affected by both herbicide and scalping after initial treatment application and remained lower than control during the period of the study but did not decrease over time. While scalping had an inevitable impact on all soil properties that were measured, that impact did not worsen over time, and actually improved plant growth (unpublished data) while reducing site establishment costs. Therefore, it provides a useful alternative for weed control in revegetation projects where it is applied only once at site establishment and where SOM would be expected to recover as canopy closure is obtained and nutrient cycling through litterfall commences.     

Effect of temperature and particle size on the thermal desorption of PCBs from contaminated soil

Thermal desorption is widely used for remediation of soil contaminated with volatiles, such as solvents and distillates. In this study, a soil contaminated with semivolatile polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was sampled at an interim storage point for waste PCB transformers and heated to temperatures from 300 to 600 °C in a flow of nitrogen to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on thermal desorption. Two size fractions were tested: coarse soil of 420–841 μm and fine soil with particles <250 μm. A PCB removal efficiency of 98.0 % was attained after 1 h of thermal treatment at 600 °C. The residual amount of PCBs in this soil decreased with rising thermal treatment temperature while the amount transferred to the gas phase increased up to 550 °C; at 600 °C, destruction of PCBs became more obvious. At low temperature, the thermally treated soil still had a similar PCB homologue distribution as raw soil, indicating thermal desorption as a main mechanism in removal. Dechlorination and decomposition increasingly occurred at high temperature, since shifts in average chlorination level were observed, from 3.34 in the raw soil to 2.75 in soil treated at 600 °C. Fine soil particles showed higher removal efficiency and destruction efficiency than coarse particles, suggesting that desorption from coarse particles is influenced by mass transfer.     

温度对正渗透工艺性能的影响

正渗透技术是一种以渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜分离工艺。温度是影响正渗透过程的关键因素。为考察温度在工艺运行中的重要作用,研究了温度对正渗透膜特性及工艺性能的影响,探讨通量衰减机制。结果表明,温度影响汲取液动态稀释、浓差极化和膜污染等的效应程度,进而影响正渗透性能。高温能够明显增加水通量和回收率,且汲取液温度影响比原料液显著。因此,合理优化温度条件是降低能耗提高正渗透性能的有效途径。     

氧活性粒子氧化NO生成HNO_3

采用强电离介质阻挡放电方法制取高浓度氧活性粒子(O+2、O3)并注入气体外排烟道中,实现O+2、O3氧化NO转化成资源酸(HNO3)的等离子化学反应。描述强电离放电的氧活性粒子产生器,讨论烟道中O+2、O3氧化NO成HNO3等离子体反应机制,分析回收酸液的NO-2、NO-3离子种类及浓度。考察强电离放电等离子体源的输入功率、水体积百分比、气体温度、气体流速对NOx氧化率的影响。氧化率为97.2%的最佳实验条件是:O+2浓度为1.38×1010个/cm3,O3浓度为210 mg/L,烟气温度为65℃,H2O体积浓度为5.6%,停留时间为0.94 s。     

电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫电源和放电极的研究

当今治理SO2大气污染已经迫在眉睫,势在必行。探求技术上先进、经济上合理的脱硫技术是现阶段环保领域广泛关注的焦点之一。电晕放电等离子脱硫技术是一项新颖的,极有发展前途的干法烟气处理技术。在电晕放电脱硫试验中,考察直流电源和脉冲电源在脱硫反应中的放电性能,相同条件下,脉冲电源的脱硫效率高于直流电源。对比四种不同电极的放电性能,在其它条件相同情况下,喷嘴电极的脱硫效率最高,锯齿电极脱硫效率次之,角钢芒刺电极脱硫效率第三,星型线电极脱硫效率最低。其原因为放电性能主要取决于放电极的曲率半径。     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO2

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH530% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(5): 10–13 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

甘肃省环境天然放射性水平研究

近年来,国内外在环境天然放射性水平研究方面做了一些工作.在国内,由于研究目的各有侧重,因而在布点原则等方面有所不同.在全国环境保护系统的天然放射性水平研究中,象甘肃省这种跨度大(东经92°13′—108°46′,北纬32°31′—42°57′)、地形地貌极其复杂(有沙漠、戈壁、山区、高原、草原、河谷盆地等)、海拔高度差别悬殊(有600m河     

白云鄂博矿开发利用中放射性废渣对环境的污染及防治

包头境内的白云鄂博矿是一座资源丰富的大型矿山，已为我国大型钢铁稀土联合企业开采利用40余年，白云鄂博原矿平均伴生天然，在矿物资源的开发利用中，对环境造成放射性污染。本文从白云鄂博矿资源、资源特殊性，开发利用，放射性废渣及钍核素排放等方面进行论述，并提出防治控制管理措施。     

阳离子共聚物的反相悬浮聚合

采用反相悬浮聚合方法合成颗粒状的阳离子型高分子絮凝剂。选用丙烯酰胺(Am)和氯化[N,N,N-三甲基乙醇丙烯酸酯]盐(AQ)两种单体,研究反应体系的特征及影响分子量的基本因素,诸如温度、单体浓度、引发剂浓度、分散剂浓度、水相和油相的体积比(Vw/Vo)对分子量的影响。为了选择出最佳原料比,本文对两种单体的原料比进行了研究。实验中还发现亚硫酸钠是一种优良的缩短反应诱导期、加速反应进程的试剂。     

应用添加剂烟气碳化处理回收碱渣

介绍应用ＹＪ添加剂碳化法处理炼油过程中的汽油、柴油、液化气碱渣，回收酚及环烷酸，并再生制取ＮａＯＨ稀碱液的工业实验，结果表明，此法在生产上可行，回收酚再生碱均达到产品质量标准