Total nitrogen and community turnover determine phosphorus use efficiency of phytoplankton along nutrient gradients in plateau lakes

Numerous studies support that biodiversity predict most to ecosystem functioning, but whether other factors display a more significant direct impact on ecosystem functioning than biodiversity remains to be studied. We investigated 398 samples of the phytoplankton phosphorus resource use efficiency (RUE_P = chlorophyll-a concentration/dissolved phosphate) across two seasons in nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, China. We identified the main contributors to phytoplankton RUE_P and analyzed their potential influences on RUE_P at different lake trophic states. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN) contributed the most to RUE_P among the nine lakes, whereas community turnover (measured as community dissimilarity) explained the most to RUE_P variation across the two seasons. Moreover, TN also influenced RUE_P by affecting biodiversity. Species richness (SR), functional attribute diversity (FAD2), and dendrogram-based functional diversity (FDc) were positively correlated with RUE_P in both seasons, while evenness was negatively correlated with RUE_P at the end of the rainy season. We also found that the effects of biodiversity and turnover on RUE_P depended on the lake trophic states. SR and FAD2 were positively correlated with RUE_P in all three trophic states. Evenness showed a negative correlation with RUE_P at the eutrophic and oligotrophic levels, but a positive correlation at the mesotrophic level. Turnover had a negative influence on RUE_P at the eutrophic level, but a positive influence at the mesotrophic and oligotrophic levels. Overall, our results suggested that multiple factors and nutrient states need to be considered when the ecosystem functioning predictors and the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships are investigated.     

北京市大气细颗粒物对Balb/c 3T3细胞周期的影响

研究了北京市大气细颗粒物有机提取物 (EOC)对Balb c 3T3细胞周期及调节因子的影响 .实验发现 116 μg mL细颗粒物EOC即有明显的细胞毒性 ,抑制细胞生长 ,并存在剂量 反应关系 ,IC50 为 4 0 2 2 μg mL ;流式细胞仪分析显示 136 6 μg mLPM2 5EOC可造成细胞周期改变 ,G0 G1期、G2 M期细胞分布增加 ,分别为 16 2 4 % (P <0 0 1)与 3 17% (P <0 0 5 ) ,S期细胞分布减少 2 0 4 % (P <0 0 1) ,并伴有P5 3含量的增加 ;4 0 9 8、4 78 1μg mL的PM2 5EOC可诱导Balb c3T3细胞凋亡 .提示PM2 5有机提取物可能通过P5 3途径引起Balb c 3T3细胞周期阻滞 ,并诱导细胞凋亡 .     

Ag/P-g-C3N4复合材料可见光催化降解双酚AF的机理研究

利用简单的热聚合及原位沉淀法制备了一系列不同质量比(1%～10%)的Ag/P-g-C_3N_4复合材料,采用XRD、SEM、TEM、UV-Vis DRS、FTIR、BET和XPS等表征手段对复合材料的形貌结构、光学特性和化学组成进行了表征.利用合成材料光催化降解双酚AF(BPAF),研究了溶液初始pH、溶解性有机质(DOM)对BPAF降解的影响,并对光催化降解机理进行了探讨.结果表明,在pH=7时,5%Ag/P-g-C_3N_4表现出最强的光催化性能,其在90 min内对BPAF的降解率达到100%.DOM在低浓度(0.5 mg·L~(-1))时促进了BPAF的光降解,而在高浓度时(2～10 mg·L~(-1))抑制了BPAF的光降解.活性基团捕获实验结果表明,在Ag/P-g-C_3N_4降解BPAF过程中,h~+和·OH起主要的作用,直接参与了BPAF的降解.相对于P-g-C_3N_4,Ag/P-g-C_3N_4光催化性能的增强主要是因为Ag的负载促进了e~-和h~+的分离,同时Ag单质的SPR效应提高了复合材料对可见光的吸收率,延长了光生载流子的寿命.     

太湖湖表反照率时空特征及影响因子

湖表反照率是影响水-气界面能量平衡和水体内部光温环境的重要因子,受到太阳高度角、云量、风速和水质等环境因子的多重影响.基于太湖中尺度涡度通量网4个涡度通量观测站点(梅梁湾、大浦口、避风港和小雷山)的辐射和风速资料,结合晴空指数和水质数据,分析上述因子对太湖湖表反照率的影响及太湖湖表反照率空间差异的原因.主要结果为:太阳高度角是控制湖表反照率日变化、季节变化的主要因子;太阳高度角低于35°且当晴空指数在0~0.1和0.4~0.6之间时湖表反照率出现高值.反照率值呈现随风速、浊度和叶绿素a浓度升高而增大的趋势,而风浪通过影响浅水湖泊浊度、叶绿素a浓度从而间接影响湖表反照率.各站点湖表反照率关系为:小雷山避风港大浦口梅梁湾,其中小雷山站位于草型和藻型湖区过渡区而梅梁湾站位于藻型湖区.反照率与叶绿素a浓度水平之间的关系对蓝藻暴发及其严重程度并不敏感.本研究为湖体反照率的参数化过程提供参考依据.     

小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响

以丹江口库区的胡家山小流域为研究区,以资源二号卫星影像图为底图,通过实地调查获取胡家山小流域土地利用图,利用ArcGIS的水文模拟、空间分析模块提取15个集水区,并分析其土地利用结构.根据2008年1～12月各个集水区的出口的总氮、硝态氮浓度的监测数据,定量地分析土地利用结构对氮素输出时空变化的影响.结果表明,胡家山小流域内旱地、居民地对氮素输出起显著源作用,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为0.869、0.856和0.826、0.867.林地、疏林地、草地等对氮素输出起汇作用,其中林地、草地汇作用显著,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为-0.820、-0.851和-0.602、-0.518.土地利用结构是氮素输出空间变化的关键因素,土地利用类型的空间分布使得汇土地利用类型旱地、居民地对小流域氮素输出影响最大;在不同时间尺度上,土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度影响有所不同.年度上,对氮素输出影响最大的是旱地,季节上,春、夏、秋、冬四季对氮素输出影响最大的分别是旱地、居民地、居民地、旱地;土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度的影响受到降雨、气温、人为等因素的作用.     

飞机起落架材料防护技术现状及研究进展

介绍了飞机起落架高强度钢的防护工艺及其防护特点。传统的防护工艺主要是镀铬和镀镉工艺,目前出现了无氰镀镉-钛、高速火焰喷涂(HVOF)涂层、低氢脆刷镀镉等新型防护工艺。通过对各新型防护工艺与传统工艺的工艺性能及耐腐蚀性能进行对比发现,各新型防护工艺都能很好地取代传统的防护工艺应用于飞机起落架的保护。     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

用厌氧酸化预处理焦化废水的研究

在采用色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用仪分析北京焦化厂废水中有机物组分及浓度的基础上,研究厌氧酸化对焦化废水可生物处理性能的影响,并探讨厌氧酸化作为焦化废水好氧生物处理预处理的可行性。试验结果表明,焦化废水经6h厌氧酸化,12h好氧曝气,COD去除率可达90％以上,比未用厌氧酸化预处理的COD去除率提高近40％。当焦化废水进水COD为1780mg/l时,出水COD可降至158mg/l。     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

菲在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为

采用批量实验方法,研究了菲(Phe)在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程,以及吸附参数与沉积物有机质性质之间的相关关系.结果表明,Phe在所有沉积物上的吸附和解吸等温线均能由线性分配模型和Freundlich模型很好地拟合.其中,线性分配系数KD值变化在58～743L·kg-1之间,与TOC、TN、DOC、Phe、C/N和DOC/TOC之间呈现显著正相关关系.Freundlich吸附能力参数KF和KFOC值分别在75～367μg1-N·kg-1·LN和2253～34743μg1-N·kg-1·LN之间,均与DOC/TOC呈现显著负相关关系,而与其它有机质参数之间相关性不显著.相比较而言,大多数沉积物的解吸等温线用Freundlich模型拟合的效果更好,并且具有明显的解吸滞后现象.有机质的含量和性质均是影响Phe在沉积物上吸附-解吸的重要因素.对于频繁受到人类活动影响的河流沉积物,溶解性有机质的影响就更为重要.