丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤重金属源解析

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,研究新增淹没区农田土壤重金属分布、富集特征并解析其来源,对水库的水质安全保障具有重要意义.通过测定新增淹没区169个农田土壤样品中8种重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、As、Mn）含量,对土壤重金属污染状况进行了分析.结果表明：Cr的平均含量（45.11mg/kg）均低于库区土壤环境背景值,而Cd的平均含量（1.04mg/kg）均高于背景值;除Cu外,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn和As在丹库的空间变异性较强,变异系数分别为0.58、0.72、0.58、0.74、0.35、1.12;Cd和As是丹江口水库新增淹没区的主要污染元素,其中Cd的富集系数高达10.3,中度以上污染区为86.6%,As中度及以上污染区为2.6%;新增淹没区农田土壤重金属来源主要为自然源（Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn）、农业源（As）、工业和生活源（Cd）,贡献率分别为44.7%、15.9%和15.4%.     

Assessment of pollution of potentially harmful elements in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incinerator,China

We assessed the contamination levels of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As and Hg and the risks posed by these potentially harmful elements in top-soils around a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI).We collected 20 soil samples, with an average pH of 8.1, and another fly ash sample emitted from the MSWI to investigate the concentrations of these elements in soils. We determined the concentrations of these elements by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), except for Hg, which we measured by AF-610B atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). We assessed the risks of these elements through the use of geoaccumulation index (I _geo), potential ecological risk index (RI), hazard quotient (HQ _i ) and cancer risk (Risk _i ). The results showed that concentrations of potentially harmful elements in soil were influenced by the wind direction, and the concentrations of most elements were higher in the area northwest of the MSWI, compared with the area southeast of the incinerator, with the exception of As; these results were in accordance with those results acquired from our contour maps. According to the I _geo values, some soil samples were clearly polluted by Hg emissions. However, the health risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of Hg and other elements in soil did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to the local populations. This was also the case for the carcinogenic risks posed by As, Cr, and Ni. The carcinogenic risk posed by As was higher, in the range 6.49 × 10^–6–9.58 × 10^–6, but this was still considered to be an acceptable level of risk.

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邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)血细胞免疫功能及氧化应激效应的影响

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)是一种持久性的有机污染物(POPs),具有潜在毒性、致癌性。选取马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)为研究对象,研究DEHP对其血淋巴细胞免疫功能和脂质过氧化水平的影响。将成年马氏珠母贝暴露于不同浓度(0.5、2.0、8.0、16.0 mg·L-1)的DEHP中,暴露14 d后测定血细胞数目(THC)、吞噬能力(phagocytic activity)、细胞膜稳定性(cell membrane stability)、脂质过氧化程度(LPO)和总谷胱甘肽含量(T-GSH)的变化。结果显示,血细胞数目随DEHP浓度的升高而降低,呈明显的剂量-效应关系,最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)0.5 mg·L-1。细胞膜稳定性和吞噬活力均随DEHP浓度的升高,呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,其LOEC值分别小于2和8 mg·L-1。细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量随染毒浓度增加逐渐升高,在8 mg·L-1浓度组达到最高值,之后降低,与之相应的脂质过氧化水平也呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,LOEC2 mg·L-1。8mg·L-1浓度组的总谷胱甘肽含量与对照组相比存在显著差异性(p0.05),LOEC8 mg·L-1。研究结果表明:DEHP染毒14 d对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞免疫功能有明显的影响,同时还会诱导机体产生氧化应激效应,在所测试的指标中,血细胞计数对DEHP的胁迫最敏感(LOEC0.5 mg·L-1),细胞膜稳定性和脂质过氧化水平的敏感性次之(LOEC2 mg·L-1)。     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.     

Diel and seasonal methane flux across water–air interface of a subtropic eutrophic pond

Abstract

Methane, which is an important greenhouse gas, has received less attention regarding its flux in ponds. Small ponds, whose area only occupies approximately 8.6%, comprise the bulk of CH₄ efflux from lakes and ponds on a global scale. However, temporal and spatial variability, as well as consequences of CH4 fluxes from ponds, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine using 4 field experiments diel methane (CH₄) fluxes from a subtropic eutrophic pond in different seasons. For the eutrophic pond, the mean CH₄ efflux for all seasons was 1.772?mg/m²/h, and CH₄ emissions in summer were approximately three-fold higher than total of winter, spring, and autumn. Methane diffusive emissions were positively correlated with water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and air temperature but negatively related to pH and to the difference between water temperature and air temperature. The diel diffusive CH₄ flux among different seasons varied significantly. The CH₄ bubble flux did not differ markedly in winter, spring and autumn, but the quantity in summer was significantly different from all other seasons. Bubble is the main pathway for CH₄ emissions. The CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 66, 71, 97 and 98% of the total in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. On an annual scale, the CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 77% of the total fluxes (diffusive?+?ebullitive). Our results show that further investigations need to be carried out to probe temporal variability of CH₄ fluxes in ponds located in different climate zones for better understanding of the global carbon budget, which is critical to predict future climate changes.     

不同浓度的五氯酚对斑马鱼运动行为的影响

由于突发性水源污染频发,建立一种实时的风险监测评估系统十分迫切。本研究通过在线生物监测仪实时记录斑马鱼在五氯酚(PCP)中暴露前后的3D行为响应数据,分别从运动轨迹、游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率及熵值4个指标分析斑马鱼的行为响应。结果表明：与对照组相比,暴露于低浓度(0.25、0.5 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)和熵值呈递减趋势,但趋势不明显,其浮出水面频率有不同程度的增加;而暴露于较高浓度(1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率、熵值约有10 min的急速升高之后降低;暴露于高浓度(4.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,所有指标均呈明显下降趋势。这表明斑马鱼的毒性行为响应随PCP的浓度变化而变化,所以可以通过监测鱼类的行为变化来反映水体的污染状况。因此,鱼类行为学研究在高浓度突发性水源污染的实时监测方面具有一定的应用前景。     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

苯并芘(B[a]P)已广泛分布于海洋环境中,低等海洋无脊椎动物从受精卵开始整个生长发育过程都面临着B[a]P等多环芳烃类污染物(PAHs)的威胁。本实验以热带海洋优势贝类马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)作为材料,研究B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将幼虫暴露于不同浓度(1、2、4、10和15μg·L-1)B[a]P中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、72、84小时,分别测定其D型面盘幼虫的死亡率和畸形数。结果表明:B[a]P对D型面盘幼虫死亡率的影响明显,死亡率与时间呈正相关,其中4和10μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。在1～10μg·L-1浓度范围内,死亡率与浓度呈正相关;B[a]P暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,且随着浓度的增大产生畸形个体的时间越短。另外,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低后趋于稳定,48h时LC50趋于稳定,为21.56μg·L-1。研究表明,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D形幼虫的发育具有不利影响,并可能影响其种群结构。     

多环芳烃活性参数与色谱保留指数相关性分析

为了简化多环芳烃(PAHs)的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数的测定和预测工作,通过对PAHs的活性参数与气相色谱保留指数(I)、苯环个数(N)的相关关系分析,分别建立了I与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF,N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的2类一元线性回归预测方程,以及I、N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的二元线性回归预测方程。结果表明,PAHs类化合物的I值或N值分别与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF存在明显的线性相关性,均能对上述3种活性参数进行准确预测,其中,用I值建立的一元回归方程的预测精度更好;而利用I值和N值共同建立的二元预测方程经t检验发现,方程中变量N的偏回归系数的统计检验没有显著意义。本研究利用I值建立的一元线性预测模型能较好地预测PAHs类化合物的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数,从而为PAHs的活性参数预测提供了一种简便易行的方法。     

铀胁迫对两种蓝藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度铀(0.1、1.0、10.0和30.0mg·L-1)胁迫对满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae)和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonemaj avanicum)生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度铀(0.1和1.0mg·L-1)条件下,两种蓝藻的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无明显变化;叶绿素a含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均较对照上升,表明低浓度铀对A.azollae和S.javanicum均未形成明显胁迫,对生长表现为刺激和促进作用。10.0mg·L-1浓度的铀对A. azollae的生长影响不大,对S. javanicum却产生了明显的抑制作用。30.0mg·L-1铀胁迫下,两种蓝藻中的MDA显著增加,抗氧化酶系统受到破坏,生长严重受阻。实验结果显示,A. azollae和S. javanicum的耐铀极限分别在10.0～30.0mg·L-1和1.0～10.0mg·L-1之间,A. azollae的抗铀性比S. javanicum强。     

ABR-BAF组合工艺处理制革综合废水

针对制革综合废水有机污染浓度高的特点,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-曝气生物滤池(BAF)新工艺处理,试验研究了ABR和BAF的启动以及水力停留时间(HRT)、有机负荷及其他因素对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:ABR在HRT为12 h、水温25～37℃,BAF在HRT为2.5 h、DO≥2.0 mg/L的条件下,组合工艺对制革综合废水的COD平均去除率达88%,出水COD、SS、色度、总铬等指标达DB 44/26—2001《广东省地方标准水污染物排放限值》一级标准。