厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的应用

采用由完全混合的厌氧生物反应器和板杠式超滤膜组成的膜生物反应器对高浓度食品放心水进行处理,考察了厌氧膜生物反应器的处理效果及其对负荷、水力停留时间等的稳定性,膜组件装填面积为０．６４ｍ＾２,膜材质为聚醚砚（ＰＥＳ）,膜截贸分子量为２００００。结果表明：ＣＯＤ负荷在２～３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,膜出水ＣＯＤ去除率可达８０％～９０％,当ＣＯＤ负荷超过４．５ｋｇ（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,混合液ＶＦＡ出现积累,Ｃ     

废旧轮胎热解过程的温度效应

通过废旧轮胎热解产物的分布研究该过程的温度效应,发现温度升高、燃料油产率增加,炭黑产率减少,即热解温度从４５０℃～５５０℃上升到６５０℃～７５０℃,燃料油产率从３３．１％～３５．４％增加到４３．２％～４５．１％,炭黑产率从４６．２％～４５．１％,炭黑产率从４６．２％～４９．２％下降为３５．１％～３７．１％,采用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析燃料油,确定出其中仍１４０多个组分,整个油品中芳香烃化作物占了７５％以上,     

软煤层综放工作面注水防尘中的工艺问题

以现场注水试验和实验室实验结果为依据,分析并讨论了目前研究甚少而又对注水防尘实施,特别是在软煤层综放工作面实施很重要的工艺问题,提出了适宜的钻孔、封孔、润湿效果考察方法以及表面活性剂应用中的浓度选择、种类选择和应用的必要性评价方法     

环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其生态效应

本文对环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其对人体、动物、植物的污染生态效应作一简要的综述,主要包括以下几方面：１．环境中氟化物的来源及其地球化学特征;２．土－水－气－食物链中氟化物的迁移和积累与地方性氟流行病;３．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与植物氟毒效应;４．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与蚕桑氟化物污染;５．环境中氟污染的防治对策。     

Electro-conductive crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanofiltration membrane for electro-enhanced removal of bisphenol A

● A crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane was fabricated. ● Electro-assistance enhanced the removal rate of the NF membrane for bisphenol A. ● Intermittent voltage-assistance can achieve nearly 100% removal of bisphenol A. ● Membrane adsorption–electro-oxidation process is feasible for micropollutant removal. Nanofiltration (NF) has attracted increasing attention for wastewater treatment and potable water purification. However, the high-efficiency removal of micropollutants by NF membranes is a critical challenge. Owing to the adsorption and subsequent diffusion, some weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can pass through NF membranes, resulting in low removal rates. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to enhance the BPA removal efficiency of a crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane by coupling the membrane with electro-assistance. The membrane exhibited a 31.9% removal rate for 5 mg/L BPA with a permeance of 6.8 L/(m²·h·bar), while the removal rate was significantly improved to 98.1% after applying a voltage of 2.0 V to the membrane. Furthermore, when BPA coexisted with humic acid, the membrane maintained 94% removal of total organic carbon and nearly 100% removal of BPA at 2.0 V over the entire filtration period. Compared to continuous voltage applied to the membrane, an intermittent voltage (2.0 V for 0.5 h with an interval of 3.5 h) could achieve comparable BPA removal efficiency, because of the combined effect of membrane adsorption and subsequent electrochemical oxidation. Density functional theory calculations and BPA oxidation process analyses suggested that BPA was adsorbed by two main interactions: π–π and hydrogen-bond interactions. The adsorbed BPA was further electro-degraded into small organic acids or mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. This work demonstrates that NF membranes coupled with electro-assistance are feasible for improving the removal of weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants.     

Salinity exchange between seawater/brackish water and domestic wastewater through electrodialysis for potable water

● Present a general concept called “salinity exchange”. ● Salts transferred from seawater to treated wastewater until completely switch. ● Process demonstrated using a laboratory-scale electrodialysis system. ● High-quality desalinated water obtained at ~1 mL/min consuming < 1 kWh/m ³ energy. Two-thirds of the world’s population has limited access to potable water. As we continue to use up our freshwater resources, new and improved techniques for potable water production are warranted. Here, we present a general concept called “salinity exchange” that transfers salts from seawater or brackish water to treated wastewater until their salinity values approximately switch, thus producing wastewater with an increased salinity for discharge and desalinated seawater as the potable water source. We have demonstrated this process using electrodialysis. Salinity exchange has been successfully achieved between influents of different salinities under various operating conditions. Laboratory-scale salinity exchange electrodialysis (SEE) systems can produce high-quality desalinated water at ~1 mL/min with an energy consumption less than 1 kWh/m³. SEE has also been operated using real water, and the challenges of its implementation at a larger scale are evaluated.     

Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes with wettability-regulated channels: improved water permeability and electro-enhanced rejection performance

● Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes were fabricated. ● Wettable membrane channels were established between RGO and MXene nanosheets. ● Hydrophilic MXene reduces the resistance of water entering the membrane channels. ● Water permeance of RGO-MXene membrane is 16.8 times higher than that of RGO membrane. ● Electro-assistance can enhance the dye rejection performance of RGO-MXene membrane. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membranes are theoretically more conducive to the rapid transport of water molecules in their channels compared with graphene oxide (GO) membranes, as they have fewer oxygen-containing functional groups and more non-oxidized regions. However, the weak hydrophilicity of RGO membranes inhibits water entry into their channels, resulting in their low water permeability. In this work, we constructed wettable RGO-MXene channels by intercalating hydrophilic MXene nanosheets into the RGO membrane for improving the water permeance. The RGO-MXene composite membrane exhibits high pure water permeance of 62.1 L/(m²·h·bar), approximately 16.8 times that of the RGO membrane (3.7 L/(m²·h·bar)). Wettability test results and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the improved water permeance results from the enhanced wettability of RGO-MXene membrane and increased rate of water molecules entering the RGO-MXene channels. Benefiting from good conductivity, the RGO-MXene membrane with electro-assistance exhibits significantly increased rejection rates for negatively charged dyes (from 56.0% at 0 V to 91.4% at 2.0 V for Orange G) without decreasing the permeate flux, which could be attributed to enhanced electrostatic repulsion under electro-assistance.     

中国部分地区2021年几次典型沙尘天气遥感监测分析

2021年,中国北方地区经历了多轮大范围沙尘天气,波及西北、华北、东北甚至黄淮、长三角等地区。其中,3月份出现自2010年以来最强沙尘天气过程。该研究基于Himawari-8静止卫星数据和地面同步空气站点监测数据,分析了2021年3月14—17、27—30日和4月14—15日3次典型沙尘天气过程。分析结果显示：2021年3月14—17日沙尘天气影响范围最广,沙尘分别在不同时间段起源于蒙古国西北部、中国甘肃和青海交界处、新疆和甘肃交界处,大范围沙尘天气是多处尘源综合作用的结果。3月27—30日和4月14—15日沙尘主要起源于蒙古国,沙尘源较单一,影响范围相对集中,但某些时段受影响区域的沙尘强度很高。地面同步空气站点PM₁₀监测数据与卫星数据有很好的一致性。     

国际温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制经验及启示

建立温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,对于保障温室气体监测数据的准确性、可比性和计量溯源性具有重要意义。世界气象组织于1989年组建了全球大气观测网络,欧洲、美国也分别建立了区域、城市温室气体监测系统。相比之下,我国温室气体监测起步较晚。因此,亟需建立我国独立自主的温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,为准确核验温室气体排放量,实现“双碳”目标,提供可靠的数据支撑。通过总结国际温室气体监测量值溯源与传递体系、质量管理与质量控制体系等的先进经验,对我国温室气体监测提出以下建议：设立满足排放量准确评估要求的数据质量目标;研制独立自主、国际等效的高准确度基准标气;加快构建量值传递与质量控制体系,并建立健全相关技术标准规范;探索研究其他温室气体监测量值溯源与传递方法。     

交联阳离子淀粉螯合剂对铬渣的处理研究

合成了作为重金属螯合剂的交联阳离子淀粉 ,并将它用于铬渣的固化实验 ,对固化体的浸出毒性、表面浸出率、抗压强度等指标进行了测试。结果表明 ,添加高分子螯合剂后的固化体的浸出毒性降低 6 6 4 % ,远远小于国家标准的1 5mg/L ;2 8d后的表面浸出率仅为 1 0 -6数量级 ;抗压强度有所下降 ,但 2 8d养护后的抗压强度大于 30MPa ,符合填埋或建筑综合利用的强度要求