Crash frequency analysis of different types of urban roadway segments using generalized additive model

IntroductionThis paper utilizes generalized additive model to explore the potential non-linear relationship between crash frequency and exposure on different types of urban roadway segments.MethodsGeneralized additive models are used to analyze crash frequency data and compared with the commonly used crash rate method and generalized linear models using a five-year crash data set from Houston, Texas.ResultsThe study shows that the relationship between crash frequency and exposure varies by segment type and the linearity may only approximately exist in certain segment types. In addition, the generalized additive modeling results suggest that such relationship curves may not be monotonic. Finally, this study demonstrates that generalized additive models in general provide better flexibility and modeling performance than generalized linear models.Impact on IndustryThe generalized additive model provides a very promising alternative for crash frequency modeling and other safety studies.     

不同施氮量对饲料稻糙米蛋白质含量的影响及其机理

采用田间小区试验探讨了"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为190,90,100 kg·hm-2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为210,90,100 kg-hm-2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为170,90,100kg·hm-2)对饲料稻威优198糙米蛋白质质量分数的影响及其机理.结果表明,与氮高量施肥法和氮低量施肥法相比,氮中量施肥法能明显促进孕穗期、乳熟期水稻旗叶中硝酸还原酶,乳熟期旗叶中蛋白水解酶活性,齐穗期旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶以及齐穗期和乳熟期籽粒中谷氮酰胺合成酶活性,明显促进水稻对氮素营养的吸收与转运,显著提高糙米中蛋白质质量分数和蛋白质质量分数.氮中量施肥法处理糙米蛋白质质量分数分别比氮高量施肥法处理和氮低量施肥法处理提高了 1.39%和17.93%,籽粒产量分别提高了 12.02%和8.47%,糙米蛋白质产量分别提高了12.54%和18.32%.研究表明,氮中量施肥法能满足饲料稻高蛋白高产栽培的需要.     

农田土壤呼吸对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO2浓度急剧升高引起的全球气候变暖是人们关注的环境问题之一.随着气候变化对全球生态环境的影响日益增大,全球碳循环研究已经成为各国科学家研究的热点之一.模拟大气CO2浓度升高试验技术先后经历了人工气候室、开顶式气室、FACE技术(Free Air carbon dioxjde eariclament)阶段,FACE技术因其无限接近自然条件而成为研究大气CO2浓度增加对整个生态系统影响的最理想试验平台.土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成.研究农田生态系统的土壤呼吸对大气CO2浓度增加的响应是预测和评价农田系统乃至整个陆地生态系统土壤碳周转和碳收支的重要前提与基础.文章根据现有研究成果.阐述了模拟大气CO2浓度升高的试验技术,比较了农田土壤呼吸的测定方法,总结了以FACE研究成果为主的高CO2浓度条件下农田土壤呼吸、不同地下来源贡献及环境因子影响,提出了进一步研究的方向,以期为全球气候变化背景下的农田土壤呼吸和碳固定及全球碳循环研究提供帮助.     

100年来东湖富营养化发生的沉积学记录

在210Pb计年的基础上,运用水生生物遗存、色素、有机碳同位素和磁化率分析了东湖钻孔沉积物中的生物与环境信息,重建了东湖100多年来湖泊营养与环境演化历史.研究发现东湖100多年来在人类活动不断增强的背景下,指示重金属污染的磁化率和指示湖泊富营养化的色素指标如蓝藻叶黄素(Myx)、颤藻黄素(Osc)快速上升,相应的水生生物如介形虫、腹足类、水生高等植物等表现明显的组合和变化阶段,同时有机碳同位素偏正与湖泊生产力升高和藻类繁盛有关.沉积记录表明东湖生态系统近代发生了深刻变化,湖泊营养演化自早至晚呈现四阶段性:贫营养阶段(1900-1966AD)色素水平低、拥有较丰富的水生高等植物和腹足类;中营养阶段(1966-1983AD)色素含量增高、水生高等植物和腹足类减少;富营养化阶段(1983-1989AD)色素含量快速增高、水生高等植物消失;超富营养化阶段(1989AD－至今)色素含量稳定居高、某些耐污染的介形类较繁盛.结果对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、以及如何治理湖泊环境具有现实的意义.     

珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物资源及其应用

墙壁植物对城市绿化和改良生态环境具有重要价值.调查表明珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物共有94种,隶属于42科,76属,主要集中在菊科、禾本科、桑科、茜草科、凤尾蕨科、大戟科,部分植物为彩叶植物,其中分布数量较多有29种,以桑科和菊科最为突出,具有较强的适应能力.然后对墙壁植物的耐旱性、观赏性、应用进行了分析和评价,结果表明耐旱强的种类有29种,观赏性较高的种类有56种;最后对墙壁植物在墙面和围墙绿化提出了一些建议.     

Locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) for water disinfection

• Nanowire-assisted LEEFT is applied for water disinfection with low voltages. • LEEFT inactivates bacteria by disrupting cell membrane through electroporation. • Multiple electrodes and device configurations have been developed for LEEFT. • The LEEFT is low-cost, highly efficient, and produces no DBPs. • The LEEFT can potentially be applicable for water disinfection at all scales. Water disinfection is a critical step in water and wastewater treatment. The most widely used chlorination suffers from the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) while alternative methods (e.g., UV, O₃, and membrane filtration) are limited by microbial regrowth, no residual disinfectant, and high operation cost. Here, a nanowire-enabled disinfection method, locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT), is introduced with advantages of no chemical addition, no DBP formation, low energy consumption, and efficient microbial inactivation. Attributed to the lightning rod effect, the electric field near the tip area of the nanowires on the electrode is significantly enhanced to inactivate microbes, even though a small external voltage (usually<5 V) is applied. In this review, after emphasizing the significance of water disinfection, the theory of the LEEFT is explained. Subsequently, the recent development of the LEEFT technology on electrode materials and device configurations are summarized. The disinfection performance is analyzed, with respect to the operating parameters, universality against different microorganisms, electrode durability, and energy consumption. The studies on the inactivation mechanisms during the LEEFT are also reviewed. Lastly, the challenges and future research of LEEFT disinfection are discussed.     

Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

Effect of weathering on abundance and release of potentially toxic elements in soils developed on Lower Cambrian black shales, P. R. China

This paper examines the geochemical features of 8 soil profiles developed on metalliferous black shales distributed in the central parts of the South China black shale horizon. The concentrations of 21 trace elements and 8 major elements were determined using ICP-MS and XRF, respectively, and weathering intensity (W) was calculated according to a new technique recently proposed in the literature. The data showed that the black shale soils inherited a heterogeneous geochemical character from their parent materials. A partial least square regression model and EF_bedrock (enrichment factor normalized to underlying bedrock) indicated that W was not a major control in the redistribution of trace metals. Barium, Sn, Cu, V, and U tended to be leached in the upper soil horizons and trapped by Al and Fe oxides, whereas Sb, Cd, and Mo with negative EF values across the whole profiles may have been leached out during the first stage of pedogenesis (mainly weathering of black shale). Compared with the Chinese average soils, the soils were strongly enriched in the potentially toxic metals Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, U, V, Cu, and Ba, among which the 5 first listed were enriched to the highest degrees. Elevated concentrations of these toxic metals can have a long-term negative effect on human health, in particular, the soils in mining areas dominated by strongly acidic conditions. As a whole, the black shale soils have much in common with acid sulfate soils. Therefore, black shale soils together with acid sulfate soils deserve more attention in the context of metal exposure and human health.     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,除蓄积在细胞核中,还存在于线粒体中。为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性ICR小鼠分别以10、20和40mg·kg~(-1)的镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd)灌胃,6周后测定小鼠肝细胞线粒体中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性,以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,La中剂量组和Ce低剂量组SOD活性显著升高,La高剂量组和Nd中、高剂量组中SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);除个别剂量组外,各染毒组CAT和GPx活性与GSH含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);Nd各剂量组、La高剂量组和Ce高剂量组的MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。研究表明,La、Ce和Nd所导致的CAT和GPx活性以及GSH含量降低可能是造成肝细胞线粒体氧化损伤的主要原因。     

五氟苯甲酰氯衍生色谱法分析水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚

以五氟苯甲酰氯(PFBCl)作为衍生化试剂,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(Gas chromatography-electron capture detector,GC-ECD)为检测手段,建立了水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚(Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers,简称OH-PBDEs)的酰基化衍生-GC/ECD检测方法.通过实验讨论了衍生化缓冲溶液、衍生化时间以及衍生后萃取溶液异辛烷的用量对检测结果的影响,确定了最佳的衍生化条件.在最佳的衍生化条件下,4-OH-BDE 42、4’-OH-BDE 49、6-OH-BDE 47、2’-OH-BDE 68和6’-OH-BDE 99的衍生化产物均获得了良好的分离度和色谱响应值.本方法的仪器检出限为0.02—0.14 pg,方法检出限为0.61—4.67 pg.L-1,标准曲线线性相关系数的范围为0.9973—0.9996,相对标准偏差均小于10%.3种采自大连市不同地区环境水样的加标回收率检测结果表明,所建立的分析方法适于水体中痕量OH-PBDEs的检测.