回收与降解聚驱采出水的工艺探讨

含聚污水的处理是困扰石油行业的难题之一。基于聚驱采出水的特点,围绕聚合物的回收利用和降解理论及技术,探讨国内外含聚污水处理技术的研究与应用现状,对比分析现有处理技术存在的问题及适应性,提出采用化学混凝、气浮和水质改性等技术来回收利用PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)的新思路,打破了降解PAM的传统思维,同时分析含聚污水处理与利用技术的可行性与应用前景,有望实现含聚污水的循环利用。     

Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L

The submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. was subjected to varying doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 7 d, and the plants were analyzed for subcellular distribution of Cd, accumulation of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, protein content, and ultrastructural distribution of calcium (Ca). Leaf fractionation by differential centrifugation indicated that 48-69% of Cd was accumulated in the cell wall. At all doses of Cd, the levels of Ca and B rose and the level of Mn fell; the levels of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, and P rose initially only to decline later. Exposure to Cd caused oxidative stress as evident by increased content of malondialdehyde and decreased contents of chlorophyll and protein. Photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by the quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo and Fm), decreased significantly, the extent of decrease being directly proportional to the concentration of Cd. Increased amounts of precipitates of calcium were noticed in the treated plants, located either outside the cell membrane or in chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm whereas control plants showed small deposits of the precipitates around surface of the vacuole membrane and in the intercellular space but rarely in the cytoplasm. Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress could be used as indicators of physiological end-points in determining the extent of Cd phytotoxicity.     

Influence of root-exudates concentration on pyrene degradation and soil microbial characteristics in pyrene contaminated soil

The effect of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) root-exudates concentration on pyrene degradation and the microbial ecological characteristics in the pyrene contaminated soil was investigated by simulating a gradually reducing concentration of root exudates with the distance away from root surface in the rhizosphere. Results showed that, after the root-exudates were added 15 d, the pyrene residue in contaminated soil responded nonlinearly in the soils with the same pyrene contaminated level as the added root-exudates concentration increased, which decreased first and increased latter with the increase of the added root-exudates concentration. The lowest pyrene concentration appeared when the root exudates concentration of 32.75 mg kg(-1) total organic carbon (TOC) was added. At the same time, changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC, C(mic)) and microbial quotient (C(mic)/C(org)) were opposite to the trend of pyrene degradation as the added root-exudates concentration increased. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis revealed that bacteria was the dominating microbial community in pyrene contaminated soil, and the changing trends of pyrene degradation and bacteria number were the same. The changing trend of endoenzyme-dehydrogenase activity was in accordance with that of soil microbe, indicating which could reflect the quantitative characteristic of detoxification to pyrene by soil microbe. The changes in the soils microbial community and corresponding microbial biochemistry characteristics were the ecological mechanism influencing pyrene degradation with increasing concentration of the added root-exudates in the pyrene contaminated soil.     

Comparison of homologous and heterologous formats in nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassays for parathion residue determination

The effectiveness of homologous and heterologous formats in a nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for pesticide residue determination was investigated. Parathion, one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, was used as the target analyte. One-step homologous and heterologous test strips based on a nanocolloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody were developed for the rapid detection of parathion residues. The results showed that the heterologous format was more effective than the homologous format, being more sensitive, more specific to parathion and more tolerant of matrix interferences. The best competitive hapten was found to have a moderate heterology and the opposite electronic distribution to the immunizing hapten. The detection limits for parathion using the preferred heterologous strip were 1 μg/L in water samples and 5 μg/kg in soil and food samples.     

Ti/BDD/PbO_2复合电极在化学需氧量测定中的应用

以钛基掺硼金刚石为基体,采用电沉积的方法制备了Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极,并将其用于化学需氧量（COD）的测定。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射谱图（XRD）表征了电极的微观形貌及结构,采用电化学工作站考察了电极对有机物响应特性。实验结果表明,在1.45 V的低电位条件下,线性范围为0.5～175 mg/L,检测限为0.3 mg/L（S/N=3）。采用Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极测定法和重铬酸钾标准方法对市政污水、食品废水及印染废水的对比结果表明,2种方法的相对误差小于10%,具有良好的一致性。     

植物对潜流人工湿地净化微污染水效果的影响研究

以4种湿地植物为实验对象,在野外构建中试潜流人工湿地,研究了不同植物及植物连根收割对湿地运行效果的影响。结果显示,植物明显提升了湿地的去污效果;其中美人蕉湿地的TP和NH4+-N去除率最高,达到55.6%和78%;空心菜湿地的TN去除率最高,达到80.5%;芦竹湿地的COD去除率最高,为26.6%;植物连根收割后,湿地运行效果下降;其中TN去除率降至空白水平之下,而其他污染指标下降至略高于空白的水平。     

玉米深加工废水的混凝实验

在室温条件下,分别选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)及三氯化铁(FeCl3)对玉米深加工废水进行混凝实验。综合考虑各种混凝剂对磷、COD以及SS的去除效果,最终选取PAC作为混凝剂。采用PAC和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为复合混凝剂,对其去除效果做进一步研究,并确定了最佳投加量及pH值。实验结果表明,在PAC投加量25mg/L,PAM投加量0.5 mg/L,pH为8条件下,混凝效果最佳。磷、COD、SS去除率可分别达到90.1%、53.3%和88.2%,对应的出水质量浓度分别为0.41、26.8和2 mg/L。     

林可霉素菌(Streptomyces lincolnensis)利用吡唑酮废水的研究

采用被吡唑酮废液驯化、分离、筛选后的林可霉素菌,并对其在摇瓶上利用吡唑酮废液中的硫酸铵发酵(7 d)生产林可霉素进行了研究。实验结果表明,废液加入培养基体积比都为1∶10,实验1中菌丝代谢和对照比正常,其中还原糖利用最快,在发酵后期为0.24 mg/L,林可霉素起步效价最低为2 100 IU/mL,与对照相比最后发酵效价降低了70 IU/mL;实验2发酵过程pH值偏低,全程为5.86～6.50,氨基氮代谢缓慢为40 mg/100 mL,最后林可霉素效价最低为4 480 IU/mL;实验3中废液在发酵进入48 h中后期的时候补入能促进菌丝体分泌,最后林可霉素为5 180 IU/mL,比对照发酵水平高出8.82%。可见实验3的实验设计有利于林可霉素菌利用吡唑酮废液生产林可霉素,为废物循环利用、变废为宝的可行性作了有意义尝试。     

优势菌种对餐厨垃圾高温好氧消化的促进

为研究优势菌种对餐厨垃圾高温好氧消化(TAD)的促进作用,本研究通过淀粉水解、油脂降解及明胶液化等生化实验,从餐厨垃圾中筛选出若干对其主要成分具有显著降解效果的优势菌种。通过对样品水溶性TOC(TOCw)、水溶性凯氏氮(KNw)、水溶性C/N(KNw)、pH以及含水率等指标的分析,考察优势菌种对餐厨TAD的促进作用。研究表明,优势菌种制剂最优添加量为1%。在此剂量下,好氧消化60 h,TOCw由8.53%降低为2.49%,C/Nw由18.71降低至6.14,以上指标说明加入优势菌种可加速TAD反应。添加量1%样本的水溶性凯氏氮和pH在反应48 h后开始回升,而未添加生物制剂的样本相关参数回升时间需96 h以上,由此推断优势菌种对TAD的促进机制是加快了蛋白质等大分子有机物的降解速度。     

模拟阳光下Ag／I-TiO2光催化预处理山核桃加工废水

研究了在模拟太阳光下,采用银修饰的碘掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂（Ag／I—TiO2）对某食品厂山核桃加工废水进行光催化预处理的效果。结合x射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积分析（BET）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱（uV—Vis）的表征结果,来分析催化剂结构对于废水处理效果的影响。探讨了Ag含量、废水初始pH（pHi）和光照时间等因素对化学需氧量（COD）去除及水质可生化性（B／C）提高的影响。并得出适宜的反应参数为：3％Ag含量;pHi为6;光照时间为240min。在最佳条件下,COD去除率45％,废水B／C比由0．17上升到0．31。光催化氧化法能够有效降低山核桃加工废水的COD含量,并达到显著提高废水可生化性的目的。