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321.
China’s economic growth has a serious impact on the environment and resources. How much real cost did China pay for its economic
growth? This paper estimates the monetary costs of resource depletion, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation.
The paper examines the geographic distribution of resource and environmental losses across 31 provinces. The findings allow
us to reach the following conclusions. First, the national cost of resource depletion, environmental pollution, and ecological
degradation in 2005 was 2.5 trillion RMB. It accounted for 13.5% of China’s gross domestic product (GDP). Secondly, the cost
of resource depletion, ecological degradation, and environmental pollution has a different spatial distribution. The cost
of resources depletion mainly distributes in the central area, the cost of environmental pollution is in the eastern area,
and the cost of ecological degradation lies in the western area. Thirdly, the cost of natural resources depletion is 1,672.5
billion RMB, accounting for 67.8% of the total cost of resource and environment. It indicates that economic development has
a high cost of resource depletion. 相似文献
322.
Consumer demand for environmentally and socially responsible products is the driving force behind the expansion of competing certification systems. Paradoxically, this has led to an increasingly crowded marketplace for labels and confusion among stakeholders such as producers, retailers and buyers, rather than providing clear and reliable product information as intended. The situation has sparked a debate about the future of certification schemes and the need for a more streamlined system. This article explores some of the innovative ideas coming from the current discussion regarding biofuel certification and standardisation and outlines how those ideas can be applied to create a global generic standard-setting scheme for natural resources. 相似文献
323.
This paper focuses on the diversity of engine technologies for low emission vehicles (LEVs) that are developed by car manufacturers in order to substitute for the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Our purpose is to analyse the competition between the various technologies for LEVs as well as the innovative strategy of car manufacturers. We first propose to define and to represent these technological trajectories in order to compare their performances and to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The technological bottlenecks, the barriers to the adoption of these alternative engine technologies as well as the features of this technological competition are underlined. We then use a patent data analysis to study the patent portfolios of the main car manufacturers in these technologies over the period [1990–2005]. The dynamics of patent applications by car manufacturers gives insight on the competition among technologies and on the strategy of firms. This analysis emphasises the progressive diversification of firms' patent portfolios over the whole set of engine technologies and the differentiated strategic positioning of car manufacturers according to countries. 相似文献
324.
325.
南京市处于长江流域下游,是我国重要的农业生产基地,也是全国经济发达地区之一。它既有近郊的蔬菜生产,又有远郊的粮食作物种植,农田生态类型与农、牧、副的复合生态类型多种多样,而且其生产潜力很大。本文对南京市郊生态系统的建设进行分析研究,并着重探讨生态系统建设模式及土地合理利用,为建立合理的南京市郊区农业生态系统提供依据。 相似文献
326.
当前“低碳经济”、“低碳生活”等理念在众多媒介有大量的表述和宣传报道。但抽样调查显示,实际上广大公众对于“低碳”的认知却颇有一些不甚清晰明了。概念的模糊性及不确定性,势必影响并阻碍我们积极倡导和实践推进生态文明建设,努力实现清洁发展、安全发展、绿色发展及可持续发展。 相似文献
327.
矿物包裹体研究表明,武义萤石矿床是含矿地热水活动的产物。其形成温度为130°±27℃,压力为47.23-426.96×10~5帕。属于低温浅成热液矿床。冷渗流大气降水在深处受地热影响加热活化,发生水—岩化学反应和物质交换,导致含矿地热水的形成。它在构造作用和热力及压力梯度驱动下回返上升,于地表—近地表裂隙带与大气降水混合,温压骤降,加以冷的含CO_2和O_2的大气降水界入,使成矿物质自溶液中沉淀析出。 相似文献
328.
329.
Xi Yang Ping Xie Yunzhen Yu Hong Shen Xuwei Deng Zhimei Ma Peili Wang Min Tao Yuan Niu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015
We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. 相似文献
330.
In recent years, engineered nanoparticles, as a new group of contaminants emerging in natural water, have been given more attention. In order to understand the behavior of nanoparticles in the conventional water treatment process, three kinds of nanoparticle suspensions, namely multi-walled carbon nanotube-humic acid (MWCNT-HA), multi-walled carbon nanotube-N,N-dimethylformamide (MWCNT-DMF) and nanoTiO2-humic acid (TiO2-HA) were employed to investigate their coagulation removal efficiencies with varying aluminum chloride (AlCl3) concentrations. Results showed that nanoparticle removal rate curves had a reverse “U” shape with increasing concentration of aluminum ion (Al3 +). More than 90% of nanoparticles could be effectively removed by an appropriate Al3 + concentration. At higher Al3 + concentration, nanoparticles would be restabilized. The hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles was found to be the crucial factor influencing the effective concentration range (ECR) of Al3 + for nanoparticle removal. The ECR of Al3 + followed the order MWCNT-DMF > MWCNT-HA > TiO2-HA, which is the reverse of the nanoparticle size trend. At a given concentration, smaller nanoparticles carry more surface charges, and thus consume more coagulants for neutralization. Therefore, over-saturation occurred at relatively higher Al3 + concentration and a wider ECR was obtained. The ECR became broader with increasing pH because of the smaller hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles at higher pH values. A high ionic strength of NaCl can also widen the ECR due to its strong potential to compress the electric double layer. It was concluded that it is important to adjust the dose of Al3 + in the ECR for nanoparticle removal in water treatment. 相似文献