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21.
Masahiro Funabashi Fumi Ninomiya Edgar Dulay Flores Masao Kunioka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(2):85-93
The evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of polymer composite samples including organic and inorganic carbons individually
was investigated. Biodegradable plastics and biobased plastics can have their mechanical properties improved by combining
with inorganic fillers. Polymer composites consisting of biodegradable plastics and carbonate were prepared by two different
methods. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite was prepared by synthesis from l-lactide with catalyst and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powders from lime. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composite was prepared by hot-pressing the mixture of PBS powder and CaCO3 powders from oyster shells. The mechanical properties of composite samples were investigated by a tensile test and a compression
test using an Instron type mechanical tester. Tensile test with a dumbbell shape specimen was performed for PBS composite
samples and compression test with a column shape specimen for PLA composite samples. Strength, elastic modulus and fracture
strain were obtained from the above tests. Biomass carbon ratio is regulated in the American Standards for Testing and Materials
(ASTM). In ASTM standards on biomass carbon ratio, it is required that carbon atoms from carbonates, such as CaCO3, are omitted. Biomass carbon ratio was evaluated by ratio of 14C to 12C in the samples using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The effect of pretreatment, such as oxidation temperature and
reaction by acid, on results of biomass carbon ratio was investigated. Mechanical properties decrease with increasing CaCO3 content. The possibility of an evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of materials including organic and inorganic carbons
was shown. 相似文献
22.
23.
Pilar Flores Alfredo Lacasa Pedro Fernández Pilar Hellín José Fenoll 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):513-518
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofumigation (with sheep and chicken manure) combined with solarization on the dissipation of pesticides (pyrifenox, DDT and dieldrin), and on soil metals accumulation. The treatments consisted of a control, and soil disinfestations by biofumigation combined with solarization (B+S) for two, four, five, six consecutive years. B+S enhanced the dissipation of pyrifenox with regard to control treatment. Significant differences were not detected among plots disinfected with B+S for consecutive years. On the other hand, B+S had no effect on the dissipation of DDT and dieldrin, probably due to the resistance of these pesticides to microbial degradation and/or high temperatures. Biofumigation is considered to be an environmentally safe practice, since no accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, or Zn was observed after the subsequent application of organic matter through the treatments. 相似文献
24.
Talavera Mendoza O Armienta Hernández MA Abundis JG Mundo NF 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2006,28(3):243-255
Leachates from the El Fraile tailings impoundment (Taxco, Mexico) were monitored every 2 months from October 2001 to August 2002 to assess the geochemical characteristics. These leachates are of interest because they are sometimes used as alternative sources of domestic water. Alternatively, they drain into the Cacalotenango creek and may represent a major source of metal contamination of surface water and sediments. Most El Fraile leachates show characteristics of Ca–SO4, (Ca+Mg)–SO4, Mg–SO4 and Ca–(SO4+HCO3) water types and are near-neutral (pH=6.3–7.7). Some acid leachates are generated by the interaction of meteoric water with tailings during rainfall events (pH=2.4–2.5). These contain variable levels of SO4
2− (280–29,500 mg l−1) and As (<0.01–12.0 mg l−1) as well as Fe (0.025–2352 mg l−1), Mn (0.1–732 mg l−1), Zn (<0.025–1465 mg l−1) and Pb (<0.01–0.351 mg l−1). Most samples show the highest metal enrichment during the dry seasons. Leachates used as domestic water typically exceed the Mexican Drinking Water Guidelines for sulfate, hardness, Fe, Mn, Pb and As, while acidic leachates exceed the Mexican Guidelines for Industrial Discharge Waters for pH, Cu, Cd and As. Speciation shows that in near-neutral solutions, metals exist mainly as free ions, sulfates and bicarbonates, while in acidic leachates they are present as sulfates and free ions. Arsenic appears as As(V) in all samples. Thermodynamic and mineralogical evidence indicates that precipitation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and jarosite as well as sorption by these minerals are the main processes controlling leachate chemistry. These processes occur mainly after neutralization by interaction with bedrock and equilibration with atmospheric oxygen. 相似文献
25.
Carla Ximena Salinas Jon Mendieta 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(5):551-566
Desertification is considered a global environmental problem with political and socioeconomic implications. Desertification, exacerbated by climate change, is the largest environmental problem in Chile affecting almost two third of the national territory. This study takes place in a latitudinal gradient of the north-central Chilean drylands, where desertification is a threat to agriculture, livestock and forestry (ALF). In the context of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the implementation of the Chilean National Action Programme (NAP), the country is conducting policies and investing in mitigation strategies to combat land degradation and desertification. The main objective of this paper is the development of an integrative methodological approach using real data of the territorial and socioeconomic indicators. With the proposed methodology we assess the impact of the mitigation and land degradation strategies supported by the ALF promotion agencies in the fight against desertification, projecting different scenarios of change. The data were collected in 2008 in Santiago, Chile. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggest that technical irrigation and the improvement of grasslands and pastures play an important role in the fight against desertification. The results of the model projections are consistent, suggesting that the efforts of the ALF promotion agencies have a positive impact in fighting desertification. Inaction of ALF mitigation strategies would increase desertification. This methodological approach, performed with real data, is a contribution for the development of integrative assessments, for replication and for forthcoming discussions. 相似文献
26.
Gennifer Meldrum Dunja Mijatović Wilfredo Rojas Juana Flores Milton Pinto Grover Mamani Eleuterio Condori David Hilaquita Helga Gruberg Stefano Padulosi 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(2):703-730
Crop diversity is central to traditional risk management practices on the Andean Altiplano and may find renewed importance in adapting to climate change. This study explored the role of crop diversity in farmers’ adaptation actions in eight Aymara communities on the northern Bolivian Altiplano. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including multifactor analysis and a community resilience self-assessment, we investigated how farmers’ use of diversity in adaptation is related to their perceptions of crop and variety tolerances and other environmental, social, and economic factors. Few crops and varieties were perceived as tolerant to increasingly intense and unpredictable drought, frost, hail, and pest and disease outbreaks. Some local crops and varieties were perceived as vulnerable to emerging conditions (e.g. oca, papalisa, isaño), whereas bitter potatoes and wild relatives of quinoa and cañahua were perceived as highly stress tolerant and provide food in harsh periods. A total 19% of households surveyed (N = 193) had introduced new crops or varieties—often disease resistant or early maturing—as an adaptive action. Introduction of commercial crops was a common adaptation action, reflecting farmers’ response to warming temperatures and changing economic opportunities, but greater sensitivity of the introduced crops may cause maladaptation. Despite intensification of cropping systems, households continue to maintain a median four potato varieties with different tolerance traits, yet this risk management practice was not perceived as adaptation. Strengthening resilience will require a combination of actions, including maintaining and expanding crop portfolios and restoring soil and ecosystem health, using both traditional and innovative approaches. 相似文献
27.
Flores Federico M. Undabeytia Tomas Morillo Esmeralda Torres Sánchez Rosa M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(16):14463-14476
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pyrimethanil (2-aniline-4, 6-dimethylpyrimidine, PRM) is used in fruit packing plants to control fungal infections and diseases. The effluents greatly... 相似文献
28.
Energy efficiency and conservation for individual Americans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Pimentel Jennifer Gardner Adam Bonnifield Ximena Garcia Julie Grufferman Claire Horan Julia Schlenker Emily Walling Emily Rochon 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):523-546
Americans make up only 4% of the world population, yet currently consume 25% of the world’s fossil fuels. The U.S. imports
63% of its oil and it is predicted that by 2020 the U.S. will be importing 95% of its oil resources. Over the past century,
ample and affordable supplies of fossil fuels have powered the growth and prosperity of the economies of the US and other
countries. Within this century, world oil supplies will decline while demand is projected to continue to increase, suggesting
that we will have to transition to different fuels or become much more energy efficient or both. Looking ahead to the near
decades, estimates are that consumers will have to reduce their energy use by at least 50%. This reduction will be necessary
in large part due the decline in the availability of conventional oil and gas, but also because the U.S. population will continue
to grow in number. Although government action is important, individuals too often discount their ability to make significant
contributions to solving such major problems. This investigation identifies how informed and concerned individuals can collectively
conserve fossil energy.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
29.
Sub-soil contamination due to oil spills in six oil-pipeline pumping stations in northern Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mexico has a very important oil industry, comprehending the exploration, production, transformation, storage and distribution of crude oil and its fractions. Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) is a state-owned monopoly in charge of these activities. Oil and oil-products transport is an extremely crucial operation for the cycle production-transformation-distribution. Pipeline system transport crude oil and sub-products along the country (including liquids, gases and mixtures). It has been reported that more than 30% of the oil ducts in Mexico have been operating for over 30 years, although their lifetime has been calculated in 25-30 years. This work is aimed at characterizing a zone around six oil-pipeline pumping stations located at northern Mexico. The specific places to evaluate soil contamination were (1) the distribution head of the Gomez Palacio (GOPA) pumping station; (2) the north side of the old ditch, the API oil separator and the wastewater zones of the Jimenez (JIM) pumping station; (3) the pumping stations of Ceballos (CE), Peronal (PER), Simon Bolivar (SIBO), and Mayran (MAY). The study comprehended sampling of the areas, delimitation of contamination in the vertical and horizontal extension, analysis of the sampled soils, regarding TPH and, in some cases, the 16 PAHs considered as a priority by USEPA, calculation of areas and volumes contaminated (according to the Mexican legislation, specifically NOM-EM-138-ECOL-2002) and, finally, a proposal for the best remediation techniques suitable for the encountered contamination levels and the localization of contaminants. In general, TPHs were found in all the pumping stations analyzed in this study. Regarding maximal TPHs concentrations at the stations, their order of contamination was as follows: SIBO>CE>PER>MAY>JIM>GOPA. PAHs were found only in a few points at concentrations above the detection limit. At the Jimenez, Gomez Palacio, Peronal, and Ceballos stations, only one point, with PAHs values over the detection limit was found, whereas two points were found at Mayran, and finally at the Simon Bolivar station there were four points with measurable amounts of PAHs. Given the areas and volumes that need to be treated (32835 m3), as well as the physical position of contaminants, it is considered that excavation of the contaminated soil is feasible and the cleaning process could be soil washing assisted with surfactants, though bioremediation should not been discharged as a possible remediation technique. 相似文献
30.
Modifying sorbents in controlled release formulations to prevent herbicides pollution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Flores Céspedes F Villafranca Sánchez M Pérez García S Fernández Pérez M 《Chemosphere》2007,69(5):785-794
The herbicides chloridazon and metribuzin, identified as groundwater pollutants, were incorporated in alginate-based granules to obtain controlled release properties. In this research the effect of incorporation of sorbents such as bentonite, anthracite and activated carbon in alginate basic formulation were not only studied on encapsulation efficiency but also on the release rate of herbicides which was studied using water release kinetic tests. In addition, sorption studies of herbicides with bentonite, anthracite and activated carbon were made. The kinetic experiments of chloridazon and metribuzin release in water have shown that the release rate is higher in metribuzin systems than in those prepared with chloridazon, which has lower water solubility. Besides, it can be deduced that the use of sorbents reduces the release rate of the chloridazon and metribuzin in comparison to the technical product and to the alginate formulation without sorbents. The highest decrease in release rate corresponds to the formulations prepared with activated carbon as a sorbent. The water uptake, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T(50), were calculated to compare the formulations. On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the herbicide release data, the release of chloridazon and metribuzin from the various formulations into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. Sorption capacity of the sorbents for chloridazon and metribuzin, ranging from 0.53mgkg(-1) for the metribuzin sorption on bentonite to 2.03x10(5)mgkg(-1) for the sorption of chloridazon on the activated carbon, was the most important factor modulating the herbicide release. 相似文献