长江河口潮区界溶解态无机氮磷的通量

利用长江河口潮区界大通站的水质资料探讨了溶解态无机氮、磷浓度和通量的变化。结果表明：NO3^-,NH4^ ,DIN的浓度随季节变化不明显，而NO2^-,PO4^3-的浓度是枯季较高、洪季较低：1963－1984年间，NO3^-,NO2^-,NH4^ 、DIN和PO4^3-的年平均浓度分别为17．1、0．43、7．1、24．7、0．19μmol/L，平均通量分别为33．1、0．51、3．67、10．5和0．54kg/s，平均年通量分别为104.44,1.61,11.56,33.1和1.70万t；溶解态无机氮、磷的通量由于受到流量的影响而在年内分配不均匀，其中NO3^-,NO^-,NH4^ DIN和PO4^3-在洪季的通量分别为全年的72．9％，58．1％、69．2％、71％和68．3％；NO3^-,NO2^-，DIN年通量的总变化趋势是稳步上升，且与氮肥使用量成高度显著的正线性相关。1998年，NO3^-,NO2^-,NH4^ 和PO4^3-的年通量分别为477．3，1．356、3．097和2．296万t。     

Formation of THMs and HANs during bromination of Microcystis aeruginosa

Bromine-contained disinfectants and biocides are widely used in swimming pools, recreational waters and cooling towers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of thrihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) and their cytotoxicity in algae solutions during free bromine disinfection. Disinfection by-products formation potential experiments were conducted using model solutions containing 7 mg/L (as total organic carbon) Microcystis aeruginosa cells. Effects of free bromine dosage, pH and ammonia were investigated. The results showed that brominated disinfection by-products were the major products when free bromine was applied. The total THMs formed during bromination was much as that formed during chlorination, whereas HANs were elevated by using bromination instead of chlorination. Dibromoacetonitrice (C2H2NBr2 ) and bromoform (CHBr3 ) were the only detected species during free bromine disinfection. The production of C2H2NBr2 and CHBr 3 increased with disinfectant dosage but decreased with dosing ammonia. CHBr3 increased with the pH changing from 5 to 9. However, C2H2NBr2 achieved the highest production at neutral pH, which was due to a joint effect of variation in hydrolysis rate and free bromine reactivity. The hydrolysis of C2H2NBr2 was base-catalytic and nearly unaffected by disinfectant. Finally, estimation of cytotoxicity of the disinfected algae solutions showed that HANs formation was responsible for the majority of toxicity. Considering its highest toxicity among the measured disinfection by-products, the elevated C2H2NBr2 should be considered when using bromine-related algaecide.     

A regional environmental management information system for Chinese EPA—the system analysis and design

REMIS is one of key research projects sponsored by the central government. It is recommended to regional EPAs as a main tool of the environmental management. REMIS simulates the functions of the regional EPAs and aimed to improve their management level. The national environmental management information system will base on REMIS.Functional analysis is the kernel of the REMIS system analysis. Data and data flow analysis are used to support the functional analysis.Investigations on the functions of the local EPAs of eight provinces and 12 cities have been taken. The functions were carefully sorted. Modular design method was used in system analysis and system design.The system analysis included functional analysis, data analysis and data flow analysis. The system design is based on the system analysis. HIPO diagram of each modular, data base structure, menu design, selection of hardware and software environment were the main items of the system design.     

可离子化有机污染物对大型溞的毒性及QSAR研究

取代苯酚、苯胺和苯甲酸类化合物是在环境水体中具有较强生物毒性的芳香族可离子化有机化合物,它们在水体中对水生生物和水生生态系统都有较大危害。测定此类化合物在p H值为6、7.8和9的条件下对大型溞的24 h急性毒性,计算化合物在不同p H值条件下的中性态分子所占比例F0。研究毒性与F0的相关性,结果表明F0对取代苯酚和苯甲酸类化合物的毒性的影响较大而对取代苯胺毒性的影响很小。对于卤代苯甲酸类化合物,毒性与疏水性的相关性较好,但是羟基苯甲酸类化合物的毒性与疏水性参数的相关性很差,引入量子化学参数EHOMO和取代羟基个数NOH,可以改进苯甲酸类化合物的模型的质量。     

城市化对城市森林组成和结构的影响——以上海“城-郊”样带为例

由于城市森林可改善人居环境并提高居民的生活环境质量而备受关注,而城市化进程的加剧使生态系统的结构也发生了很大变化。论文以快速城市化进程中上海“城-郊”样带为例,基于地理信息技术,采用景观格局分析和数理统计方法,有效量化“城-郊”样带;并借助植被功能分类的相关理论,以乔木组成和结构变化为载体,探讨城市化程度对城市森林的影响。结果表明：1）城区乔木丰富度指数（S）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）和Simpson指数（D）高于郊区,二者存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;但城区和郊区乔木物种均匀度分别为0.448±0.043和0.394±0.038,不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。2）城区乔木的密度小于郊区,分别为248±25和472±57株/hm²;且二者间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。3）城区和郊区的城市森林群落的生长潜能存在一定的差异,郊区具有较多数量的高生长潜能乔木,而城区中低生长潜能的常绿乔木密度比郊区高;4）城区、郊区中各胸径量级的乔木数量分布均呈倒J型曲线。通过该研究以期促进城市森林生态系统服务功能发挥的同时也为进行城市森林的管理提供科学依据。     

An investigation of changes in water quality throughout the drinking water production/distribution chain using toxicological and fluorescence analyses

Changes in water quality from source water to finished water and tap water at two conventional drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were monitored.Beside the routine water quality testing,Caenorhabditis elegans-based toxicity assays and the fluorescence excitation–emission matrices technique were also applied.Both DWTPs supplied drinking water that met government standards.Under current test conditions,both the investigated finished water and tap water samples exhibited stronger lethal,genotox...     

涕灭威在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附行为

通过静态吸附实验,探讨了氨基甲酸酯类农药涕灭威在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附规律.实验表明,25±1℃条件下,涕灭威在低浓度(0.2～1.5mg/L)时,在颗粒物上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附;在2.0～15mg/L用Freundlich吸附等温线描述更合理;在20～2000mg/L,涕灭威的吸附既可以用线性等温方程式也可以用Fre-undlich等温方程式来描述.并研究了阴离子表面活性剂SDBS和非离子表面活性剂TWEEN60存在下涕灭威的吸附等温线,以及悬浮颗粒物浓度、腐殖酸、pH、盐度及微生物对涕灭威在颗粒物上吸附行为的影响.     

车载激光雷达对北京地区边界层污染监测研究

介绍了自行研制的车载差分激光雷达AML-2探测原理及技术参数,于2006-08、2006-09在不同天气因素条件下对北京西南郊榆垡地区大气边界层污染物O3、NO2、SO2进行了实时监测,对比分析了3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征.结果表明,无外来污染输送时,3种污染物在阴雨天气总体浓度较小,O3和NO2浓度随高度升高而减小,SO2浓度垂直分布少见此特征,但在近地面0.6 km左右有较强SO2污染层.南部气流输送对北京地区大气环境影响明显,2006-08-23～2006-08-25这次强污染气流输送高度约1～1.5 km,3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征受到干扰,北京榆垡地区边界层O3、NO2、SO2总体浓度明显上升.     

SiO2纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响

从Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响来探讨纳米材料的生物安全性问题.结果表明Si02纳米颗粒降低了小球藻的生物量和蛋白含量,并可以附着在细胞表面和进入细胞内部,造成了细胞的形变和结构损伤,从而抑制了小球藻的正常生长活性.Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻具有一定的毒性效应.     

现代测绘技术在解决矿区资源与环境问题中的应用探讨

以“３Ｓ”技术及其集成为代表的现代测绘技术在解决我国矿区存在的资源浪费及环境污染问题中具有重要的应用,本文对此进行了探讨。