自然土壤中苯酚降解菌的分离和系统发育分析

采用富集培养的方法,从未受苯酚污染的自然土壤中分离得到5株能以苯酚为唯一碳源生长的细菌.根据生理生化特性和系统发育分析对它们进行了初步鉴定,菌株PHD-2为Ralstonia sp.,菌株 PHD-4为Acinetobacter sp.,菌株PHD-5 为Microbacterium sp.,菌株PHD-1和PHD-3均为Pseudomonas sp.,16S rRNA基因序列的同源性比较和系统发育分析表明自然土壤中的苯酚降解菌具有丰富的多样性.     

大连太平洋牡蛎体内寄生虫:沿岸单孢子虫检测

于2007年3月,采集大连大窑湾浮筏贝类养殖区的太平洋牡蛎,抽取牡蛎的血淋巴液进行沿岸单孢子虫的研究。采用显微镜观察、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和原位杂交(ISH)方法对血淋巴液样品进行检测。结果在显微镜下观察到牡蛎血淋巴液中存在沿岸单孢子虫(Haplosporidium costale,SSO)原生质体的类似物;提取血淋巴液基因组DNA,应用扩增沿岸单孢子虫SSUrDNA区域的引物对进行PCR扩增,产生约150bp的基因片段,经测序并将测序结果与基因库中已知序列比对分析,确定这种类似物为沿岸单孢子虫。同时,采用沿岸单孢子虫的特异性DNA探针SSO1318,对牡蛎血淋巴液中的沿岸单孢子虫进行原位杂交,结果为阳性。     

基于碱度平衡与反硝化动力学的厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺配水比例模型

采用批式反硝化试验,研究了BOD5和NOx-N(NO3--N与NO2--N之和)浓度对反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,在碳源充足的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化为零级反应,与NOx-N浓度无关;在碳源限制的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化速率与BOD5的关系遵从Monod方程.以Monod方程和碱度平衡为基础,推导出配水比例的数学模型.通过模型分析表明,进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比小于3.82时,仅靠配水措施不能平衡整个处理系统的碱度,还需要外加碱度;进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比大于6.90时,序批式反应器(SBR)可以直接处理厌氧消化液,不需要配水,厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺不适用.猪场废水厌氧消化液的碱度与氨氮浓度之比大多为3.82～6.90,因此,猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理适宜采用厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺.通过数学模型作图显示,配水比例随着水力停留时间、SBR反应器数量、反应器中微生物浓度、滗水器工作能力以及亚硝化率的增加而减少,随着反应器运行周期的增加而增加.     

焙烧温度对铁覆膜砂IOCS吸附Cr(VI)的影响

采用序批试验研究了焙烧温度对铁覆膜砂(Iron Oxide Coated Sand,IOGS)吸附6价铬Cr(VI)的吸附平衡和吸附速率的影响.结果表明,铬在IOCS上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附模型.低温制备IOCS具有较高吸附容量且对pH不敏感.110℃制备IOGS在pH 7的最大吸附容量(0.181 mg·g-1)远高于660℃制备10CS(0.023 m8·8-1).吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型.吸附速率随焙烧温度提高而下降.     

燃煤电厂锅炉PM2.5排放危害度评价模型建立及案例分析

为评价燃煤电厂锅炉PM2.5排放的危害度,根据颗粒的形成机制及对环境和人体健康的影响程度,将PM2.5进行了粒径分段,综合考虑不同粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度、粒数浓度、汞相对富集因子及汞元素在煤灰分中含量,建立了燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放危害度综合评价模型,最后利用已有文献现场实验测得的数据对评价模型进行了案例分析,并提出了危害度削减系数概念,可用于对除尘装置进行评价.     

杭州市办公场所室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征

分析评价了杭州市办公场所中PBDEs的污染现状、污染特征.结果表明,办公场所中PBDEs气相和颗粒相总浓度范围为40.66~141.00 pg·m-3,平均浓度为93.22 pg·m-3,是家庭室内、室外浓度的1.87、5.01倍.BDE-47、BDE-99为办公场所中最重要的两种同系物,分别占总浓度的33.29%、31.99%.PBDEs气相浓度是颗粒相的1.34倍,其中BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99主要存在于气相中,BDE-153、BDE-183主要存在于颗粒相中.     

Catastrophe theory to assess water security and adaptation strategy in the context of environmental change

Economic development, population growth, urbanization and climate change have led to an increasing water shortage across the globe. Ensuring water security under changing environment will be the greatest challenge for water resources managers in near future. In this paper, catastrophe theory based multi-criteria evaluation model has been proposed to assess water security under different management strategies to recommend the best water management strategy to achieve water security in the context of global environmental change. The assessment model involves future scenarios of climate change, population growth and economic development. Total 16 indicators related to climate, socio-economy and water availability and consumption have been proposed to measure water security under three management strategies viz. business-as-usual, water demand management and water supply management. The model has been applied to Yulin city of North West China to assess water security as well as to identify the water management strategy under changing environment. The results show that under business-as-usual situation the water shortage rate will reach up to 44 % by the year 2020 and up to 70 % by the year 2030 in Yulin. Water supply is required to increase by 41 % to meet the water demand under supply management strategy which is beyond the safe baseline rate. The study reveals that water demand management can reduce the gap between water supply and demand to a reasonable amount and therefore, can be considered as the most effective approach for adapting with environment change.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

砂尘环境试验风洞稳定段和收缩段的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT,对砂尘环境试验风洞中稳定段和收缩段的气固两相流流场进行数值模拟.给出了计算采用的湍流模型及计算区域的网格划分技术.通过分析稳定段和收缩段的两相流流场的速度梯度分布,得到了反向加砂方式优于正向加砂方式的计算结果.     

Development of pretreatment protocol for DNA extraction from biofilm attached to biologic activated carbon (BAC) granules

The biologic activated carbon (BAC) process is widely used in drinking water treatments. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the microbial community structure provides very helpful data to improve the reactor performance. However, the bottleneck of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction from BAC attached biofilm has to be solved since the conventional procedure was unsuccessful due to firm biomass attachment and adsorption capacity of the BAC granules. In this study, five pretreatments were compared, and adding skim milk followed by ultrasonic vibration was proven to be the optimal choice. This protocol was further tested using the vertical BAC samples from the full-scale biofilter of Pinghu Water Plant. The results showed the DNAyielded a range of 40 μg·g⁻¹ BAC (dry weight) to over 100 μg·g⁻¹ BAC (dry weight), which were consistent with the biomass distribution. All results suggested that the final protocol could produce qualified genomic DNA as a template from the BAC filter for downstream molecular biology researches.