北京气象塔夏季大气臭氧观测研究

2000年夏季7～8月,以北京325m气象塔为观测平台,分别在8,120,280m高度上进行了大气污染物臭氧(O₃)及其前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和气象要素加强期的同步观测.对观测资料的分析表明,边界层内存在明显的臭氧浓度垂直差异;低层臭氧浓度呈明显的日变化,且昼夜振幅较大;对O₃浓度与NO₂/NO的比值作线性拟合分析发现,白天(10:00～16:00)O₃浓度与[NO₂/NO]的比值成线性关系,即达到光化学稳定态,但受气象背景场影响较大.     

自由表面流人工湿地处理超稠油废水

采用自由表面流芦苇湿地处理超稠油废水。当芦苇床的水力负荷为3．33cm/d时,对于年平均进水COD459．16mg/L,石油类27．65mg/L,BOD5 33.52mg/L,TN13.74mg/L的超稠油废水,该系统的出水指标为COD77．21mg/L,石油类1．42mg/L,BOD53.90mg/L,TN1.60mg/L。去除率分别为：COD83．18％,石油类94．86％,BOD588．37％,TN88．36％,pH值由7．87降至7．77。处理后的超稠油废水对土壤的污染并不明显,对芦苇的生长和材质指标几乎没有影响。可见,自由表面流芦苇湿地深度处理超稠油废水的出水水质稳定,耐冲击负荷强,是一种经济有效的超稠油废水处理新方法。     

由石油类应急监测现状探寻水中石油类监测的突破

突发环境事件发生后,对污染物质、污染物浓度、污染范围及其动态变化情况进行监测是环境应急监测的基本工作要求。在不能利用管理手段有效获取污染来源等信息的情况下,开展溯源应急监测成为突发环境事件处理处置的重要需求。然而通过资料调研及应急监测案例分析发现,石油类水体突发环境事件应急监测大多存在采样代表性不够、溯源手段不健全、特征污染物监测不全面,以及现行石油类监测方法不能完整说清污染状况等问题或不足。因此,建议通过优化整合水中石油类指标监测标准,构建与石油类污染特征相适应的技术规范及配套监测分析方法,以达到精准、全面反映石油类水体污染状况的目的。     

Carbonaceous species in fine particles at the background sites in Korea between 1994 and 1999

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM_2.5) at two background sites, Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles were collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO₂ catalyst. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula. Still, the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values at both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan, the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels were coming from northern China. However, at Kangwha, the differences were statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northern China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission/transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship, it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan.     

柚皮的综合利用及色素稳定性研究

设计了一套柚皮综合利用的方法,分别用水蒸气地和混合盐析法提取其中的香油、色素、果胶,并对柚皮红棕色素的稳定性作了研究。结果发现该色素在酸性条件下非常稳定,有机酸、糖类及Mg^2 等对该色素影响不大。本研究可为柚皮资源的开发利用提供重要的理论依据和方法。     

Agroforestry as alternative land-use production systems for the tropics

The science of agroforestry has progressed significantly during the past three decades. This article describes and documents various prominent traditional agroforestry systems. In-depth research on interactive processes of some agrisilvicultural systems have been undertaken and quantified. It has been found that the presence of woody species can enhance nutrient cycling, and can improve soil productivity, soil conservation and soil biotic andfaunal activities. In simultaneous systems however, their presence can also cause competition with the associated food crops. Most agroforestry systems constitute ecologically and bio-physically sustainable land use systems. Some are highly sustainable and economically viable, in particular the highly complex and specialized types, such as the damar and rubber agroforests in Indonesia. Agroforestry systems have potential uses in stabilization of sloping lands and buffer zones around forest reserves, for recovering degraded lands, and for improving the productivity of the bush fallow system. Despite rapid progress in biophysical research, field application of the science of agroforestry is still minimal. This article examines the possibilities of exploring the multiple contributions of trees to food security, rural income generation, diversity of products and ecosystem conservation within sustainable agroforestry contexts. Research efforts in the new millennium need to focus more on practical research and also on socio-economic and policy factors that can enhance beneficial application of the science in the near future to smallholder farmers in the tropics.     

长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物

对长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物进行了分析测定,由色谱/质谱测得的结果表明,水和沉积物中多氯有机污染物的浓度较低,低于欧洲主要河流中的含量水平.悬浮物中这类污染物总含量较高,为56.45～62.35μg/kg,而水中总含量仅为14.61～15.83ng/L.由于长江中污染物被充分稀释与混匀,各采样点的水和悬浮物中该类污染物的浓度变化不大,两相间具有较好的相关性.但各采样点的沉积物中多氯有机污染物含量差异甚大,表明悬浮物的沉积极不均一.沉积物中主要污染物是六氯苯（HCB）和它的代谢产物五氯苯（PeCB）以及滴滴涕（DDT）的代谢产物,其他多氯有机污染物含量很低.     

大气污染物浓度的神经网络预报

首次将神经网络应用于实测大气污染物浓度的预报.结果表明,预报值与观测值符合得较好.由于人工神经网络具有逼近精度高、学习速度快、对资料长度要求不高等优点,因而在非线性时间序列的预报中显示出了独特的优越性,并将会在大气环境和气候预报中得到越来越多的应用.     

低空分层降水和云水同步釆集系统的开发和应用

笔者自行开发并研制了低空(＜1 km)分层降水和云水采集系统,该系统成功地应用于福建省厦门市和贵州省贵阳市酸性降水来源和成因的研究中,取得了显著的成果,为探讨酸性降水来源和成因提供了有效的技术手段和支持。该系统可以在一定程度上代替航空测量,目前国内外的类似研究中没有使用该系统进行样品采集的先例,因此该系统的开发填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。      

外源精胺对镉胁迫下苎麻生理代谢的影响

采用水培实验法,研究了不同浓度和不同施加方式下外源精胺对苎麻镉污染毒害的缓解效应.结果表明,镉胁迫(10mg/L)使苎麻叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性蛋白质含量均不同程度地下降,膜脂过氧化程度提高,丙二醛含量增加;加入外源精胺后(以10^-5mol/L效果最佳),叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著上升,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量明显降低,说明苎麻对镉的抗性得到显著提高,其中叶面喷洒并同时向营养液中加入精胺能更有效地缓解叶片的生理伤害,而仅叶面喷洒外源精胺则更有利于缓解根中镉的毒害.进入苎麻体内的镉约73.2%积累在根部,2种方式加入精胺均使得镉在苎麻体内的累积量下降,同时镉向地上部分的转移率提高.