Aging activity of DDE in dissimilar rice soils in a greenhouse experiment

A green-house study was conducted in late 2005 to investigate the aging behavior of p,p'-DDE in two types of soil, Hydragric Anthrosols (An) and Hydragric Acrisols (Ac), according to the World Reference Base (WRB) [FAO/ISRIC/ISSS. 1998. World reference base for soil resources. World soil resources reports, Rome. p. 87]. Paddy rice and dry rice were grown in submerged paddy soils and non-submerged upland soils, respectively. The concentration of extractable p,p'-DDE in fresh DDE-spiked soils was 746.2ngg(-1). During the first few weeks of the experiment, the extractability of p,p'-DDE became increasingly low as the aging period prolonged. However, certain amount of p,p'-DDE that had been captured by soil minerals and organic matter (OM) could be released and became extractable in the later period. The extractability of p,p'-DDE in submerged soils was significantly lower than that in non-submerged soil, because flooding could increase the binding of pollutants to soil particles. The plantation of both dry rice and paddy rice slowed down the aging process of p,p'-DDE. After one month's growth of rice, p,p'-DDE bound to soil particles was released and became extractable. The OM and silt content of An are higher than that of Ac, resulting in more bound residues and relative lower extractability of p,p'-DDE in An. In addition, the extractability of p,p'-DDE could be reduced by the addition of rice straw to soils.     

Non-microcystin producing Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek (Cyanobacteria) representing a main waterbloom-forming species in Chinese waters

It is well known that several morphospecies of Microcystis, such as Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Lemmermann and Microcystis viridis (A. Brown) Lemmermann can produce hepatotoxic microcystins. However, previous studies gave contradictory conclusions about microcystin production of Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek. In the present study, ten Microcystis morphospecies were identified in waterblooms of seven Chinese waterbodies, and Microcystis wesenbergii was shown as the dominant species in these waters. More than 250 single colonies of M. wesenbergii were chosen, under morphological identification, to examine whether M. wesenbergii produce hepatotoxic microcystin by using multiplex PCR for molecular detection of a region (mcyA) of microcystin synthesis genes, and chemical analyses of microcystin content by ELISA and HPLC for 21 isolated strains of M. wesenbergii from these waters were also performed. Both molecular and chemical methods demonstrated that M. wesenbergii from Chinese waters did not produce microcystin.     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4％;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值928％;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足（DO＝0.8～1.5 mg/L）条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的合成及其与卤代烃的反应

由聚苯乙烯基磺酰氯树脂与硫化氢钾反应制备聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂（Ｉ）,树脂Ｉ与亲电的卤代烃反应,生成聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸酯树脂（Ⅱ）,树脂Ⅱ经过乙硫醇处理,使卤代烃结构部分以不对称二硫醚的形式游离下来,用ＧＣ／ＭＳ对其结构进行鉴定。从不对称二硫醚的结构可推导出原卤代烃的结构,所制备的聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的转化效率为１．１１ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ＾－１。     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds to four surface soils of eastern China

Improved predictions on the fate of organic pollutants in surface environments require a better understanding of the underlying sorption mechanisms that control their uptake by soils. In this study, we monitored sorption of nine aromatic compounds with varying physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electron-donor/acceptor ability and polarity), including two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two chlorobenzenes, two nitroaromatic compounds, dichlobenil, carbaryl and 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous suspension of four surface soils of eastern China. The tested soils were characterized with respect to organic carbon (OC) content, black carbon content, mineralogy, morphology and size fraction to assess the role of the diverse soil characteristics in sorption. The results of this study show that not only the solute hydrophobicity and the OC content of soil are important to the retention of organic pollutants, but also the solute molecular structure and the soil nature.     

MnFe/海泡石后置协同低温等离子体降解甲苯的研究

低温等离子体(NTP)净化法是去除挥发性有机物(VOCs)的常用方法之一。利用NTP协同催化剂处理VOCs时可降低能耗,减少副产物,提升CO₂选择性和VOCs的去除效率。以盐酸改性海泡石(SEP)纤维为载体,利用浸渍法制备了不同Mn、Fe负载量的MnFe/SEP催化剂,采用BET、SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS等方法对催化剂进行了微观结构表征和组分分析,并利用介质阻挡放电等离子体结合后置的MnFe/SEP催化剂,开展了等离子体协同催化剂催化降解甲苯的试验研究。结果表明：海泡石纤维是性能优良的催化剂载体,可以很好地分散MnO₂和Fe₂O₃等活性组分,并保持较高的比表面积;锰铁氧化物可以提升甲苯去除率、碳平衡、CO₂选择性,减少O₃残留浓度;当负载的Mn含量为6wt%时,锰铁氧化物高度分散在海泡石纤维表面,催化活性高,性价比较高。     

香椿用于水上农业的可行性探讨

人工生物浮床栽培经济植物是水上农业的主要实现手段.对利用浮床栽培高档木本蔬菜香椿进行了初步研究,分析了其优越性和可行性,进行了植株越冬的初步试验.实验结果表明,在未采取任何防冻措施的情况下,浮床栽培香椿在武汉地区可安全越冬并萌芽,但对浮床载体提出了更高的要求.在骤变的环境下,香椿的生态适应性形成和树型差异值得进一步试验探究.     

以“生态足迹”的方法衡量青藏高原可持续发展能力

通过论述青海西藏两地环境质量总体向好的结论引证青藏高原生态盈余。用"生态足迹"和"人类发展指数"两种指标来衡量青藏高原的可持续发展能力,结果表明青藏高原有着较好的生态盈余,但人类发展指数值偏低,限制了青藏高原的可持续发展能力。应通过提高公共服务能力,加强生态系统管理,减少碳足迹来实现青藏高原的生态文明。     

陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析

陇中黄土丘陵地区经济贫困、环境脆弱、生活能源短缺,生物质过量消费成为生态环境退化的重要驱动因素。论文通过问卷调查获取相关数据,并建立计量模型,基于替代性分析估算了不同用能结构情景下的环境经济成本。结果表明,现状户均生活能源消费2 112.44kgce/a,人均428.59kgce/a,用能水平较低。目前农户消费能源选择的主要依据是能源的现金支出和可获得性。与农户现状用能结构相比较,4种替代结构的能源消费总成本、环境成本、经济成本及现金支出差异较大。利用沼气和太阳能的结构各项成本低,应是今后农村能源建设的方向。     

乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其来源分析

利用七波段黑碳仪对2016年8月—2017年7月乌鲁木齐河源区大气中黑碳气溶胶进行了实时监测,并结合同时期气象资料对该区域黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征、影响因子和可能来源进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳浓度在102～1525 ng·m~(-3)之间变化,均值为520 ng·m~(-3).春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的浓度分别为425、536、686和427 ng·m~(-3),呈秋季最高,夏季次之,冬、春季低的季节变化特点.日内变化具有明显的双峰双谷特征,在当地时间8:00—9:00(与北京时间的时差为2小时,即为北京时间10:00—11:00,下同)和16:00—19:00有两个明显的峰值,可能与当地的排放和气象因素有关.乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳的本底浓度在春季、夏季和秋季分别为253、271和290 ng·m~(-3),而冬季黑碳的本底浓度仅为162 ng·m~(-3).与其他偏远地区相比,乌鲁木齐河源区因受较多排放源影响,黑碳浓度本底值较高.黑碳气溶胶浓度与气象因素相关性显著,当风速小于2 m·s~(-1)时,黑碳的平均浓度明显偏高,当相对湿度大于55%时,黑碳浓度明显偏低.由浓度权重轨迹分析和波长吸收指数(AAE)可知,乌鲁木齐河源区的黑碳浓度,除了受本地化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧排放的影响以外,还可能受到中亚地区远距离传输的影响.