Effects of visible light radiation on macrophyte litter degradation and nutrient release in water samples from a eutrophic shallow lake

Visible light is a major fraction of the solar spectrum; however, information on visible light radiation of macrophyte detritus is lacking. In this study, we conducted a microcosm experiment to assess the effects of visible light radiation on degradation of two litter species: Potamogeton malaianus (P. malaianus) and Phragmites australis (Ph. australis). This research represents an investigation of mass loss, microbial activity and nutrients released over a period of 168 days. Overall, we found that visible light radiation had significant effects on litter decomposition, but it did not affect the microbial activities which degrade cellulose and lignin. The decomposition rate order of the three components in P. malaianus and Ph. australis in treatments was: cellulose?>?hemicellulose?>?lignin. The visible light radiation mainly affected the degradation of lignin, which is the primary compound in litter susceptible to photodegradation. The exposure to visible light radiation up to 17.6?Wm^?2 stimulated the dissolved organic carbon release and reduced the molecular weight to less reactive. Meanwhile, no obvious difference in nutrient contents (TP, TN, NO₃–N, NO₂–N, and NH₃–N) was observed among different visible light intensities. The results of this study contribute to better understanding of the photochemical behaviour of macrophyte litter in shallow lakes.     

The prediction of adsorption isotherms of ester vapors on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

Adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and ethyl propionate on hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (ND- 100) were measured at 303K, 318K and 333K,respectively, and well fitted by Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equation. The plots of the adsorbed volume (q _v ) versus the adsorption potential (ε) at three different temperatures all fell basically onto one single curve for every ester. A predicted model based on DA equation was obtained on the basis of adsorption equilibrium data of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate at 318K. The model equation successfully predicted the adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate on ND-100 at 303K, and 333K, and also gave accurate predictive results for adsorption isotherms of the other two ester compounds (propyl acetate and isopropyl acetate) on ND-100 at 303K, 318K and 333K. The results proved the effectiveness of DA model for predicting the adsorption isotherms of ester compounds onto ND-100. In addition, the relationship between physico-chemical properties of adsorbates and their adsorption properties was also investigated. The results showed that molecular weight, molar volume and molar polarizability had good linear correlations with the parameter E (which represents adsorption characteristic energy) of DA equation.     

车用汽油及含氧燃料的环境效应

基于7辆国6轻型车的WLTC循环测试,计算了汽油?E10和MTBE10(汽油中添加10％体积的甲基叔丁基醚)排放的温室气体的致暖效应(GWP)、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和非甲烷有机气体(NMOG)排放.结果表明,车队平均N2O和CH4排放的GWP分别为0.6和0.07g CO2e/km.E10和MTBE10的非CO2温室...     

基于分布式应变监测的埋地管道悬空识别方法研究北大核心CSCD

埋地管道在地基缺陷或管道泄漏作用下会产生局部悬空,悬空的发展不仅会威胁管道的安全运行,还会造成地面沉降、塌陷等地质危害。因此,提出一种基于分布式应变监测的埋地管道悬空识别方法。首先布设分布式应变传感器获取管道沿途任意位置纵向应变,然后提取弯曲应变并判断管道悬空状态的出现,再结合管道弯曲应变建立埋地管道有限元模型,最后通过遗传算法对管道有限元模型的土体刚度进行修正,根据修正后的土体刚度变化定量识别管道悬空出现的位置及范围。通过模型试验验证得出识别结果与试验悬空段两侧坡肩位置最大误差不超过0.2 m,反推出的管道应变峰值和挠度与监测结果相差最大分别为84.1με和3.5 mm,其对应的相对误差分别为7.7%和9.2%,试验误差都控制在工程可以接受的范围以内。研究结果表明:本方法可以实时监测管道的工作应力,反推出管道的挠曲变形,准确判断管道悬空的出现,精确识别出管道悬空的范围。本方法对管道运行的结构状态评估和悬空灾害识别都具有非常积极的意义。     

不同的增强试剂对重金属污染场地土壤的电动修复影响

选择重金属污染场地土壤为修复对象,研究了添加络合剂EDTA?有机酸乳酸和柠檬酸以及无机酸硝酸对电动修复该污染土壤的影响.结果表明,增强试剂的加入,显著促进了铜?铅?镍和六价铬在电场中的迁移和去除,电动过程促进了土壤重金属向有效态(醋酸铵提取)转化.其中,在阴极加入乳酸并控制pH3.5的处理,土壤中铜的去除率最高,达78.7%.在阴?阳极都加入EDTA的处理中,土壤中重金属的去除率在30%左右,重金属在靠近阴极的部分发生聚集.在阴极加入柠檬酸的处理中,土壤中铜?镍和六价铬的去除率均较高,分别为68.5%?53.3%和52.9%.阴极加入硝酸控制pH3.5对土壤中六价铬的去除率最高,达93.3%.     

不同价态Mn离子对刺参幼参急性毒性效应及富集作用

静水条件下,研究了Mn2+与Mn7+对刺参幼参行为和存活的影响,并分析了其在幼参体内的富集状况。结果表明,幼参在0.8 ~ 16 mg/L浓度范围内的Mn2+暴露96 h后死亡率均为0.0%,Mn2+在此浓度范围内无明显的急性毒性作用;但暴露于0.1 ~ 6.5 mg/L Mn7+中时,幼参的死亡率随浓度和暴露时间增加而升高。暴露48 h时,幼参的死亡率与Mn7+的浓度呈极显著正相关(P 0.01),Mn7+浓度高于0.5 mg/L时即对幼参表现出明显的急性毒性作用,其安全浓度(SC)为0.31 mg/L,Mn7+对幼参的急性毒性作用强于Mn2+。随着水体中Mn2+与Mn7+浓度的增加,幼参体内Mn元素含量和累积速率均逐渐升高,但富集系数变化存在较大差异。Mn7+在幼参体内的富集作用强于Mn2+。     

基于自适应遗传小波神经网络的水质评价建模

水环境污染过程的非确定性和非线性,使得传统的水质评价方法存在局限性。为了提高水质评价的准确性,提出了一种基于改进小波神经网络(wavelet neural network,WNN)的水质评价模型。采用自适应遗传算法(adaptive genetic algorithm,AGA)对小波神经网络的初始权值进行优化,再通过小波神经网络算法对网络进行训练,最后对训练好的网络展开测试。仿真结果表明,自适应遗传算法和小波神经网络的结合提高了网络的训练效率,该方法可以用于水质评价建模,并且评价结果具有较高的精度和准确性。     

利用大型土柱自然淋溶条件下研究土壤重金属的迁移及形态转化

为研究不同重金属在土壤中的迁移和形态转化,通过分层填装土柱,在土柱0~5 cm深度范围内添加Pb、Ag、Bi、In、Sb和Sn等重金属污染土壤,并在自然条件下淋溶4 a,分析各重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的迁移速率及其形态组成. 结果表明:①在>30 cm深度范围内,红壤、潮土和黑土中各重金属质量分数与其相应本底值相比变化不大;与试验前土壤相比,砂土整个剖面中6种重金属质量分数均较高. ②6种重金属在4种土壤中的残留率表现为砂土<潮土<黑土<红壤;对于0～10 cm土壤中Pb的残留率,在潮土中大于Ag和Sb,在黑土中大于Ag,在红壤中大于In,在砂土中则大于Sn. ③模拟试验后残留在土柱中的重金属主要分布在土壤表层(0～30 cm),而深层(>30 cm)较少;6种重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的残留率平均值分别为98.0%、65.1%、65.9%和56.5%. ④与添加污染土壤之前相比,试验后土壤中残渣态等稳定形态重金属质量分数较低,其中Pb、In和Sb均以碳酸盐结合态和有机金属络合态为主,Ag和Sn分别以有机金属络合态、双氧水可提取有机结合态和有机金属络合态、无定形铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而Bi则以碳酸盐结合态和双氧水可提取有机结合态为主. 结果显示,红壤中Pb的迁移风险较低,潮土和黑土中Ag、Sb的迁移风险较高,而砂土中Sn和Sb的迁移风险需要格外关注.