17α-乙炔基雌二醇在微塑料上的吸附和解吸行为

以内分泌干扰物17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）作为目标污染物,系统研究了5种微塑料聚酰胺（PA）、聚乙烯（PE）、聚氨酯（TPU）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚苯乙烯（PS）对EE2的吸附动力学、吸附等温线及解吸作用.微塑料对EE2的吸附动力学和吸附等温线的结果表明,5种微塑料对EE2的吸附能力为PA>TPU>PE>PVC>PS;5种微塑料中TPU和PA具有最大的吸附能力和吸附容量,主要归因于氢键产生的化学吸附;而PE、PS、PVC主要是依靠范德华力的相互作用.因PA和TPU对EE2的吸附能力更强,两者的解吸量均高于其他3种物质.采用解吸率来反映不同微塑料的解吸性能,发现EE2在PS中的解吸率最高,PA和TPU上解吸率相对较低.采用单因素重复测量方差分析统计学方法对EE2在5种微塑料上的解吸特性进行分析,EE2在PS与其他4种微塑料之间表现为显著性差异,其余微塑料两两之间无显著性差异;尽管肠胃液中解吸率高于去离子水,但两者并无显著性差异.     

多点汇流下污水管网污染物迁变规律及其机制

为研究城市污水管网多点汇流条件下污染物的迁变规律及其对微生物繁衍的影响机制,建立一套多汇流点位的污水管道中试系统,探究污水输送过程中碳,氮,硫3类主要污染物质的迁移转化特性.结果表明,汇流点前溶解态化学需氧量（SCOD）和硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）浓度下降,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度上升,支管汇流使得汇流点3类污染物浓度显著增加.后期水质达到稳定,在保证支管污水的汇入导致各类污染物增加量基本不变的情况下,SCOD浓度由进口的320mg/L左右下降至出口的280mg/L左右,在氨化作用下导致的NH₄⁺-N总增加量在15mg/L左右,高于因汇流产生的增加总量12.5mg/L左右,结果表明汇流管网系统中微生物的消耗代谢作用是碳氮类污染物变化的主导因素,而SO₄^2-后期进出口浓度均在20mg/L左右,说明支管汇流和生化代谢使SO₄^2-的含量维持在动态平衡的状态.此外,对管网中试系统生物相中微生物繁衍过程进行分析可知,发酵菌（FB）,产氢产乙酸菌（HPA）,硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）的含量随繁衍时间显著增加,并在沿程的不同汇流点处出现丰度升高现象.综上所述,在多点汇流导致污水水质波动的作用下,促进了管网生物相中微生物的繁衍增殖,并增强了其代谢作用在污水管网污染物转化的主导地位,使得污染物在管网输送过程中呈现更为显著的转化现象.     

基于提高乙醇产率的常压室温等离子体微藻诱变育种

以普通小球藻FACHB-25为研究对象,利用常压室温等离子体在不同功率条件下对其诱变处理,在功率100W、120W条件下筛选出3株优势藻株,依次编号为S100-7、S120-4、S120-9.其中S120-9藻株培养末期生物量增加明显且多糖产量是原始藻株产量的1.34倍,达到237.98mg/L;S120-4碳水化合物含量占比为37.55%,较原始藻株提高了43.48%.对比了各藻株在光合性能、细胞组分以及细胞形态等方面差异.通过同步糖化发酵（SSF）,碳水化合物含量最高的S120-4藻株乙醇产量达到1.58g/10g藻,但其生物量积累受到限制.考虑生物量积累情况,推算出S120-9藻株单位体积藻液乙醇产量最高达到0.1033g/L.     

新冠期间河北省典型钢铁企业大气污染影响

基于国家气象局气象预报数据,建立了基于AERMOD的钢铁企业污染预报模型,模拟了新冠疫情管控期（2020年2~3月）及解封后期（2020年4~10月）河北省某钢铁企业对大气污染的影响,并结合空气质量实测数据进行模型验证.结果显示,不利风向条件下,该钢铁厂大气污染物排放对当地3个国控站点SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的平均浓度贡献占比,在疫情管控期分别为20.19%~33.81%,17.49%~23.46%和2.02%~2.69%,在解封后期分别为13.43%~21.01%,11.09%~20.92%和1.20%~2.22%.由于疫情管控期受其他人为源干扰较少,该钢铁厂SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的预报值和三个国控站点实际监测值的相关系数,在新冠疫情管控期（在单个站点中,最高分别为0.43、0.48和0.29）高于解封后期（最高分别为0.42、0.39和0.07）.     

中国典型背景站夏季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

选取庞泉沟、神农架、武夷山和长岛4个代表性大气背景站,使用SUMMA罐采样及GC-FID/MS方法分析了4个背景站夏季环境空气中57种挥发性有机污染物浓度水平、物种组成以及日变化特征,并利用PMF模型对背景站VOCs进行来源解析和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）分析.结果表明,采样期间庞泉沟、神农架、武夷山和长岛的VOCs平均浓度分别为（23.06±8.14）×10^-9,（8.25±4.27）×10^-9,（7.95±11.31）×10^-9和（11.98±8.80）×10^-9.除庞泉沟外,背景点烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃和炔烃浓度均明显低于城市地区.背景点烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃占比与城市地区差异不显著,但背景点炔烃占比显著小于城市地区.烷烃和芳香烃的日变化呈现出白天消减,夜间累积的特点,烯烃浓度则在09：00~15：00点出现峰值.PMF源解析及成分分析结果表明,人为排放源对背景站VOCs构成和臭氧生成潜势有重要贡献.汽油挥发、溶剂及涂料使用、机动车尾气等排放源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在39%~58%之间,对OFP贡献占比在35%~58%之间.燃烧源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在18%~21%之间,对OFP贡献占比在约为13%..植物源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在7%~17%之间,对OFP贡献占比在8%~33%之间,植物源贡献占比高于城市地区.     

BPA和EE2在PA微塑料上竞争吸附的位点能量

为研究微塑料上雌激素共存的吸附行为,以17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）和双酚A （BPA）为目标污染物,微塑料聚酰胺（PA）为吸附剂,通过等温吸附实验研究二者在单溶质和双溶质体系下的吸附性能,基于位点能量分布理论进一步剖析二者在PA微塑料上的的吸附特性.同时,采用X射线光谱（XPS）以及傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对吸附前后的PA微塑料进行表征,探究其可能存在的吸附机理.等温吸附拟合结果及XPS、FTIR的表征结果表明BPA和EE2及二者混合溶液在PA上的吸附属于非均质吸附,疏水分配及氢键作用为主要的吸附机制.位点能量分布分析结果表明,相同浓度（1～4mg/L）条件下,BPA吸附位点主要分布于高能量区;单溶质体系的EE2吸附位点主要集中于低能量区.双溶质体系下,相同浓度的两种物质位点分布函数均随着位点能量的增大而呈指数降低,BPA下降趋势较为平缓,吸附位点分布更集中.两种体系相比较,BPA平均位点能量和位点能量非均质性分别增加了0.749%和2.483%,吸附位点数量减少了10.852%;双溶质体系下EE2平均位点能量降低0.813%,位点能量非均质性增加1.870%,吸附位点数量增加42.429%.双酚A和EE2在PA微塑料上的竞争吸附中,EE2占优势.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

A large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber for studying atmospheric photochemical processes: Characterization and preliminary application

Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m³ fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO₂, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry.     

Application of FeIII-TAML/H2O2 system for treatment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Over the recent past, fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) have raised extensive attention due to their potential to induce the formation of resistance genes and “superbugs”, thus various advanced oxidation techniques have been developed to eliminate their release into the environment. In the present study, the prototype tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (Fe^III-TAML)/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system is employed to degrade FQs (i.e., norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) over a wide pH range (i.e., pH 6-10), and the reaction rate increases with the increase in pH level. The effect of dosage of Fe^III-TAML and H₂O₂ on the degradation of FQs is evaluated, and the reaction rate is linearly correlated with the added amount of chemicals. Moreover, the impact of natural organic matters (NOM) on the removal of FQs is investigated, and the degradation kinetics show that both NOM type and experimental concentration exhibit negligible influence on the oxidative degradation of selected antibiotics. Based on the results of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations, the reaction sites and pathways of FQs by Fe^III-TAML/H₂O₂ system are further predicted and elucidated.     

Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.