杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征

分析评价了杭州市家庭室内空气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染现状及特征.结果显示:杭州家庭客厅空气中气相和颗粒相PBDEs的总浓度平均值分别为52.57 pg·m-3,范围为21.37～83.47 pg·m-3、卧室浓度为43.78 pg·m-3,范围为28.72～58.75 pg·m-3,BDE-47和BDE-99是家庭室内空气中最重要的两种单体,占总浓度的62.75％.室内空气中气相PBDEs浓度是颗粒相的1.49倍.高层建筑中的PBDEs浓度与低层建筑差别不大,均处于较低水平.PBDEs的理化性质、环境条件是影响其气固分配的重要因素.     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

生物强化和生物刺激对土壤中PAHs降解的影响

采用生物强化(农田土中添加PAHs污染土或污泥)和生物刺激(PAHs污染土中添加(NH4)2HPO4)2种措施,研究了土壤中13种PAHs的降解及CO2的释放量.结果显示,农田土壤中的微生物对2~5环的PAHs都有较强的降解能力,添加污染土显著增强了对5环PAHs的降解,表明污染土中的微生物对高环PAHs的降解能力更强;添加污泥对促进PAHs降解的作用不明显,可能是好氧培养条件不适合厌氧菌的生长.添加N、P营养盐可显著提高污染土中3~4环PAHs的降解,但5环PAHs在添加和未添加N、P中的降解率始终较低,均小于10%.CO2的释放呈现先增加再降低,再略微增加直至平稳的过程,且与PAHs的降解高度响应,说明PAHs的降解与微生物活性密切相关.     

基于生命周期的循环农业系统评价

针对"循环经济系统是低碳经济的实现途径之一"的观点,在国内外研究的基础上,改进LCA模型,以湖南某典型的循环鸭业产业进行实证研究.整个鸭产业生命周期中耗用的不可再生资源、土地、水资源分别为48.629MJ、2.36m2和1321.41kg,潜在的温室气体、环境酸化、富营养化、人体毒性、水体毒性、土壤毒性分别为11543.26g(CO2eq)、52.36g(SO2eq)、25.83g(PO4eq)、1.26、60.74、24.65g(1,4-DCBeq),加权评估后,富营养化、水体毒性、土壤毒性潜在威胁均高于温室气体.结果表明,建立在传统生产模式上的循环农业适宜"适度循环";循环农业不能盲目追求低碳发展,在降低碳排放的同时还须考虑土壤和生物固碳,才能全面评价碳排放问题;循环经济和循环农业在评估碳排放的同时,还需对环境酸化、富营养化、生态毒性等其他生态指标进行评估,建立系统评价体系;LCA能够较好地对循环农业进行整体评价,值得进一步研究.     

焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移特性中试研究

通过中试试验研究垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的迁移特性,着重研究重金属在熔渣中的固化效果,考察了温度（1 290℃、1 320℃、1 360 ℃）、助熔剂（10 %的玻璃粉）、冷却方式（水冷、空冷）对重金属固定率的影响.结果表明,温度的提高使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的固定率都有一定的提高;加入10%的玻璃粉使各种重金属的固定率都有显著提高,只有Zn例外;对Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni,空气冷却方式下的重金属固定率比水冷方式下的高.     

Application of red mud as a basic catalyst for biodiesel production

Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis.The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of red mud catalysts was investigated.It was found that highly active catalyst was obtained by simply drying red mud at 200°C.Utilization of red mud as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid red mud waste,significantly reducing its environmental effects,but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.     

Shellac-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution

This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle (SCMN) adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg/g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.     

典型水环境微生物源异嗅物研究进展

致嗅微生物主要包括放线菌、藻类和黏细菌等,广泛存在于水源水库、湖泊、溪流和海洋等典型水生态系统中,代谢产生的异嗅化合物痕量即可造成严重的异嗅味,威胁供水安全.目前,大量研究集中在异嗅化合物的有效控制上,投入使用的有物理和化学等方法,但存在问题,有待改进与完善,微生物法对环境友好,因此具有广阔的应用前景.本文从异嗅化合物的种类、生物源、检测方法、控制措施、影响因素及产嗅机制等方面的研究进行综述,并进行展望,讨论今后研究热点,旨在推进异嗅化合物的相关研究,保障城镇供水安全.     

饮用水中BDOC测定动力学研究

采用悬浮培养测定法,讨论了ＢＤＯＣ测定中动力学特性,得出在２８ｄ测定中ＢＤＯＣ的降解动力学满足一级反应,动力学方程为ＢＤＯＣｔ＝ＢＤＯＣｕ（１＝１０＾－０．０７７ｔ）,降解常数ｋ＝０．０７７ｄ＾－１,通过比较实测的ＢＤＯＣ３和据公式计算出的ＢＤＯＣ３,证明这种动力学关系基本正确。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.