环境内分泌干扰物五氯苯酚的降解研究进展

五氯苯酚(PCP)是一类危险性较大的环境污染物。PCP比较稳定,容易在动植物体内富集,导致动物肺、肝、肾脏以及神经系统的损伤。根据国内外最新的研究成果,对PCP的化学和生物降解等方法的研究进展进行综述,并对今后PCP的降解趋势进行了展望。     

呼和浩特生态城市承载力分析及其建设策略研究

生态城市是新世纪人类理想的居住模式,本文在研究国内外生态城市理论与实践的基础上,对呼和浩特环境承载力、人口资源承载力、水资源承载力以及其他资源承载力进行了分析,针对呼和浩特城市发展现状,提出了呼和浩特市生态城市建设的新模式及建议和对策。     

小麦植株对重金属铅富集特征的研究

采用盆栽法,以小麦为受试作物,通过对其不同生长时期各器官重金属含量的测定,研究小麦植株对重金属铅(Pb)的富集特征.结果表明,总体上看,在Pb胁迫下,Pb主要富集在小麦根部,向地上部分迁移较少;Pb在小麦幼苗期的分布规律为根>叶片;拔节期为根>叶片>茎;抽穗期为根>茎(叶片)>颖壳;成熟期为根>茎>叶片>颖壳(籽实);小麦根部Pb含量分布规律为抽穗期>成熟期>拔节期>幼苗期(除质量分数为400mg/kg时);茎中为抽穗期>成熟期>拔节期;叶片中为在拔节期和抽穗期较大,幼苗期和成熟期相对较小,拔节期达最大值;颖壳中为成熟期>抽穗期.     

基于农户层次的陕北黄土丘陵区农业生态经济系统耦合关系研究

农业生态经济系统耦合是一个复杂的过程,是潜变量与潜变量、潜变量与可测变量及可测变量之间相互作用的结果,结构方程模型的建立很好地描述了这一复杂关系。通过对吴起县、安塞县和宝塔区共建的中尺度生态农业建设试验示范区、米脂县等3个典型区域所代表的黄土丘陵区及其各个区域农业生态经济系统结构方程模型的建立与运算,结果表明:在"退耕还林还草工程"等外力作用下,农业生态经济系统运行模式基本揭示了农业产业与农业资源相互耦合这一本质规律,但现状耦合模式并未充分利用农业资源,系统耦合效果较低。农业产业与农业资源对系统耦合的影响系数分别为0.54和0.16,农业产业和农业资源之间的相关系数只有0.28,即农业资源没有很好地支撑产业的发展,导致农业生态经济系统耦合效果不明显,存在着局部相悖的态势,潜伏了林草资源与其相关产业链网缺失现象。为此,需要强化农业产业与农业资源的互动过程,特别要发展林草及其相关产业,促进林草资源的有效利用,促使系统耦合效果的不断提高,增加经济效益。     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

基于DPSIR模型的生态港口指标体系研究

生态港口指标体系的建立是生态港口从理论研究阶段进入可操作的实际应用阶段的重要步骤,建立生态港口指标体系的实质就是确定生态港口的具体建设内容和考核标准体系.在生态港口内涵的分析基础上,提出了建立生态港口指标体系的基本框架、原则和方法,并根据"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应"模型框架,以天津生态港口建设为背景,建立了天津生态港口建设与评价指标体系.     

Germination of Deyeuxia angustifolia as affected by soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen level

Deyeuxia angustifolia is a dominant species in the Sanjiang Plain, the largest freshwater marsh wetland in China. However, this species has declined because of great environment changes. In the effects of sea-level rise and greenhouse gas, magnitude and frequency of flood and rate of deposit in wetland increased greatly. Thus, in this paper, effects of soil environment (soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen concentration) on seed germination of D. angustifolia were investigated. Both soil type and burial depth affected seedling emergence. Seedlings emerged through 1-, 2-, 4-mm sand, and at 1-and 2-mm mud. Regardless of soil, seedling emergence time increased and emergence percentage decreased with increasing burial depth. For example, seedlings started to emerge on the 4th day and the final emergence percentage was 30% when covered with1-mm mud, whereas the initial emergence time was on the 6th day and the final emergence percentage was only 8% when covered with 2-mm mud. At the same burial depth, emergence percentage was higher in sand than in mud. Increasing water depth inhibited seed germination. Germination percentage in 2-cm water level (20%) was 1.2 times higher than that in 12-cm water level (9%). Oxygen concentration also affected germination. In the 21% oxygen concentration, germination was started on the 2nd day and the germination percentage was 36%, while seed started to germinate on the 4th day and the germination percentage was only 3% at the 7% oxygen concentration. These data indicate that seed germination of D. angustifolia was highly sensitive to soil type, burial depth, water depth, oxygen concentration, and these responses may be an explicit indication of maladjustment to environment changes, and an important reason accounting for the decline of this species in the Sanjiang Plain.     

含砷飞灰固化处理研究

通过试验确定了胶凝材料的组成体系,探讨了影响胶凝材料性能的主要工艺参数,确立的最佳固化工艺条件为:水泥∶砂子∶飞灰= 57.6∶40∶2.4,水灰比为0.28,水泥采用标号为42.5的快硬硫铝酸盐特种水泥,以硫化钠作为添加剂,其用量为飞灰/硫化钠= 1.5.在最佳配比和最佳养护条件下,固化体在实验室条件下抗压强度可达2.5 MPa,砷的浸出浓度为0.83 mg/L,达到了相关的填埋标准.     

好氧锥形流化床生物膜反应器启动与生物膜形成特征研究

对好氧锥形流化床膜生物反应器（A-TFBBR）的启动特征、生物膜行为、特征和结构进行了详细的探讨,并与相近启动条件下的传统柱状流化床生物膜反应器（A-CFBBR）的启动行为进行比较.结果表明,自然培养生物种源的方法与传统的以活性污泥做种源的方法相比节省了生物驯化和淘汰的时间,在短时间内就完成了生物反应器的启动（柱状床11 d,锥形床16 d）,而一般以活性污泥为种源则大都需要100～300 d的启动时间.另外,采用这种方法在A-TFBBR反应器和A-CFBBR反应器中获得的生物膜厚度分别仅为(32±1) μm 和(24±2) μm,低于大部分报道的生物膜厚度.2个生物反应器都表现出理想的COD去除能力,其中A-TFBBR反应器对COD的去除率高达95%以上,比A-CFBBR对COD的去除率平均高出15%.     

微囊藻毒素-LR的臭氧降解研究

采用不同的臭氧投加量,考察了微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的降解效果,并通过对臭氧氧化过程中产生的8种主要降解产物的相对分子质量分析,推测其降解途径.结果表明,臭氧氧化降解MC-LR主要通过Adda途径和Mdha途径来完成对MC-LR的降解和脱毒作用.臭氧氧化的Adda途径是通过对MC-LR上Adda侧链的进攻,断开具有活性的Adda支链,而达到脱毒的目的;臭氧氧化的Mdha途径是通过对MCs肽环上面Mdha和Ala的断键,打开环状肽链,使藻毒素失去活性,在整个过程中Adda途径占主导地位.在O3∶MC为6时,MC-LR的去除率最高可达到92%.