微囊藻毒素-LR的臭氧降解研究

采用不同的臭氧投加量,考察了微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的降解效果,并通过对臭氧氧化过程中产生的8种主要降解产物的相对分子质量分析,推测其降解途径.结果表明,臭氧氧化降解MC-LR主要通过Adda途径和Mdha途径来完成对MC-LR的降解和脱毒作用.臭氧氧化的Adda途径是通过对MC-LR上Adda侧链的进攻,断开具有活性的Adda支链,而达到脱毒的目的;臭氧氧化的Mdha途径是通过对MCs肽环上面Mdha和Ala的断键,打开环状肽链,使藻毒素失去活性,在整个过程中Adda途径占主导地位.在O3∶MC为6时,MC-LR的去除率最高可达到92%.     

基于概率神经网络的西安地区地下水水质评价

为了检验概率神经网络在地下水水质评价中的适用性,论文分别采用综合评价法和概率神经网络评价法对西安地区地下水水质进行了评价,结果表明概率神经网络法能综合考虑各因子对水质的影响,剔除不良数据造成的干扰,能很好地反应地下水的水质状况。同时分析了西安地区地下水水质变化趋势和空间分布情况,结果显示：西安地区地下水水质年际变化不大,大部分地区水质较好;2001~2004年潜水多为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水,承压水多为Ⅰ类水。     

提高人员素质遏制危化品事故的发生

危化品事故,是指因危险化学品,如苯、汽油、甲醛、氨水、硫化氢、农药、液氯等造成伤害的事故。危险化学品一般具有爆炸性、易燃性、毒性、腐蚀性等。     

浸渍液pH值对V-Mo/Ti脱硝催化剂性能的影响研究

为提升V-Mo/Ti催化剂的脱硝性能,在催化剂制备过程中调节浸渍工艺参数,制备了一系列不同浸渍液pH值的催化剂,采用XRD、N2-吸附脱附、拉曼光谱、UV-Vis、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了pH值的变化对催化剂物理化学性能的影响,采用固定床微型反应器对催化剂的脱硝性能进行评价。结果表明,降低浸渍液pH值,可以抑制催化剂上VOx物种的聚合,提升催化剂的还原性能,有利于提升催化剂的脱硝效率,降低脱硝反应过程中N2O生成量。同时,浸渍液pH值的变化,也会影响催化剂的酸性性能。当浸渍液pH值低于3.64时,催化剂酸性性能显著降低,造成催化剂脱硝性能降低;当浸渍液pH值控制在3.64时,催化剂的还原性能和酸性性能匹配较好,从而显示了较高的脱硝性能。     

大亚湾浮游细菌的变性梯度凝胶电泳分析

于2010年12月以及2011年6月采集了大亚湾9个站点的表层水样,利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对浮游细菌DNA指纹进行了分析.结果显示,大亚湾海域浮游细菌DNA指纹比较丰富,冬季和夏季样品中分别共得到32条和33条条带,每个样品得到的条带数为18~25条.DNA指纹的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度(J)的变化范围分别为2.48~2.88和0.80~0.93.DNA指纹条带数与温度和盐度明显正相关,而与p H、DO、透明度呈明显负相关关系.结果说明PCR-DGGE技术可以在一定程度上反映细菌的群落结构和多样性,但需要与其他技术相结合方能较全面反映细菌的结构与功能.     

基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

一维碳纳米管与金属氧化物材料研究

一维纳米结构是最吸引人的功能材料而被广泛关注.一维形态可以很容易地提高纳米结构的独特性能,使它们适合各种各样的应用程序,包括气体传感器、电致变色的设备、发光二极管、场发射器、超级电容器和纳米发电机.因此,目前已合成多种一维纳米结构形式的纳米棒、纳米线、纳米管、纳米带等.本文主要介绍了一维碳纳米管与金属氧化物的性质与研究现状,探讨两种材料的优缺点以期进行互补修饰合成新型复合材料.     

Two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production using microwave absorbent and HZSM-5 catalyst

A novel technology of two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis(f MAP) of corn stover for bio-oil production was investigated in the presence of microwave absorbent(Si C) and HZSM-5catalyst. Effects of f MAP temperature and catalyst-to-biomass ratio on bio-oil yield and chemical components were examined. The results showed that this technology, employing microwave, microwave absorbent and HZSM-5 catalyst, was effective and promising for biomass fast pyrolysis. The f MAP temperature of 500°C was considered the optimum condition for maximum yield and best quality of bio-oil. Besides, the bio-oil yield decreased linearly and the chemical components in bio-oil were improved sequentially with the increase of catalyst-to-biomass ratio from 1:100 to 1:20. The elemental compositions of bio-char were also determined. Additionally, compared to one-step f MAP process, two-step f MAP could promote the bio-oil quality with a smaller catalyst-to-biomass ratio.     

Adsorption of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by pristine and surface functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes

The adsorption of six kinds of chlorophenols on pristine, hydroxylated and carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) has been investigated. Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models were used to describe the kinetic data. All adsorption isotherms were well fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich and Polanyi–Manes models, due to surface adsorption dominating the adsorption process. The close linear relationship between log Kowand log Kdsuggested that hydrophobicity played an important role in the adsorption. The SWCNTs' adsorption capacity for chlorophenols was weakened by addition of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface, due to the loss of specific surface area, the increase of hydrophilicity and the reduction of π–π interaction. The best adsorption capacity of pristine SWCNTs, SWCNT-OH and SWCNT-COOH for six chlorophenols varied from 19 to 84 mg/g, from 19 to 65 mg/g and from 17 to 65 mg/g,respectively. The effect of pH on the adsorption of 2,6-dichlorophenol(2,6-DCP), was also studied. When p H is over the pK aof 2,6-dichlorophenol(2,6-DCP), its removal dropped sharply. When ionic strength increased(Na Cl or KCl concentration from 0 to 0.02 mmol/L),the adsorption capacity of 2,6-DCP on pristine SWCNTs decreased slightly. The comparison of chlorophenols adsorption by SWCNTs, MWCNTs and PAC was made, indicating that the adsorption rate of CNTs was much faster than that of PAC. The results provide useful information about the feasibility of SWCNTs as an adsorbent to remove chlorophenols from aqueous solutions.     

有机肥施用对盐渍土富里酸荧光特性的影响

为探讨有机肥长期培肥盐渍土后土壤富里酸(FA)结构组成及土壤环境的变化特征,对黑龙江西北部盐渍土壤连续5 a采取不同施肥处理,设置CK(对照)和TR1(处理1,施用有机肥8 000 kg/hm2)、TR2(处理2,施用有机肥4 000 kg/hm2及化肥N 80 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 50 kg/hm2、K₂O 35 kg/hm2)、TR3(处理3,施用化肥N 160 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2、K₂O 70 kg/hm2) 4个处理组,分析土壤中富里酸荧光光谱特征的变化情况. 结果表明:与CK比较,TR1、TR2处理可明显增加土壤中ρ(富里酸),增幅分别为98.24%、72.16%;二维荧光参数分析显示,各处理下富里酸腐殖化程度均表现为TR1>TR2>TR3>CK;三维荧光光谱区域积分比值分析结果进一步证实,TR1、TR2处理通过增加可见区类富里酸的荧光响应比值和减少紫外区类富里酸的荧光响应比值来提高富里酸的腐殖化程度. 根据三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析结果,可将富里酸分为C1组分(生物可利用富里酸组分)、C2组分(陆生来源富里酸组分)及C3组分(类蛋白组分);施用有机肥主要增加C1组分的比例,其次为增加C2组分的比例,说明施用有机肥可提高盐渍土供肥能力,对盐渍土生态环境改善具有积极作用. 传统荧光图谱解析手段结合统计分析结果显示,施用有机肥可明显提高盐渍土富里酸含量并增加其腐殖化程度.