关于环保信息系统分级建设

本文归纳了多年来环保信息系统建设的四种模式,并对它们的特点、适用条件及优劣比对作了论述。     

天然气水合物与全球气候变化的关系

天然气水合物是一种广泛地存在于海底沉积物和陆地高纬度永久冻土带中的矿物,含碳量超过全球所有其他来源有机碳的总和。然而天然气水合物在自然界极不稳定,温压条件的微小变化都会引起其分解而释放出甲烷气体。一般情况下,释放出的甲烷大部分可能会被氧化成CO2而溶解在海水中,进入大气中的量不足以对气候产生影响。只有在发生巨变事件的情况下,如海底大规模的沉积物滑塌,才会将大量的甲烷带到海面并释放到大气中,从而对全球气候和环境产生严重的影响。因此,在开发利用天然气水合物之前,必须有超前的防范措施,以防止或尽可能减少天然气水合物对环境造成的不良影响。     

CLR反应器处理垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液的实验研究

CLR反应器是在IC反应器的基础上优化的厌氧反应装置,详细介绍了改进的工艺和实验方案,对垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的渗滤液,采用CLR厌氧反应器进行实验研究,结果表明：在中温的环境下,CLR厌氧进水COD从4 200 mg/L逐渐提高到42 000 mg/L的情况下,并稳定进水COD浓度42 000 mg/L左右时,出水COD在8 400 mg/L左右,COD去除率为80％以上.CLR反应器处理实际渗滤液的负荷能够达到42 kgCOD/（m3·d）,产气效率为0.4L沼气/gCOD,从处理效果的分析为生产规模工程设计提供参考.     

三相泡沫灭火剂性能及应用研究进展

本文介绍了近年来国内外三相泡沫灭火剂的研究现状,阐述了三相泡沫灭火剂的组成及制备方法,分析了现有三相泡沫灭火剂在配制和研究中存在的问题,对三相泡沫灭火剂的发展方向做了展望。     

蒲河流域污染源水污染物监测指标筛选研究

科学合理的监测指标对污染源水污染物总量监控体系的构建至关重要。针对监测指标单一、缺乏代表污染源排污情况的特征性监测指标,开展污染源监测指标的优化与筛选。以示范区蒲河流域内机制纸及纸板制造行业为研究对象,采用综合评分法和三参量综合评价指数法进行监测指标的优化与筛选,建立了由COD、氨氮、悬浮物、油类、硫化物、氯化物、挥发酚及AOX等8项监测指标组成的指标体系,为构建动态、智能的辽河流域水环境安全及污染物总量监控体系提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

聚氨酯(PU)合成革废水及处理工艺研究

通过分析聚氨酯(PU)合成革工艺及其废水水质特点,探讨废水中的污染因子和危害,重点提出了生物法、物化法+生化法、化学法、膜生物反应器(MBR)四种处理工艺,并提出处理合成革废水的建设性意见。     

室内空气中苯和甲苯浓度分布特征调查

室内挥发性有机物(VOCs)中的苯和甲苯是造成室内空气污染的主要原因之一。对某系列办公室和民用住宅进行空气采样，运用气相色谱法进行分析。结果表明，对于内部装修后超过1年的办公室、室内苯、甲苯浓度均不超过标准限值：苯浓度占TVOC的1．3％—13％，其中大部分房间为7％左右：甲苯浓度占TVOC的0％—8．5％，其中大部分房间为5％以下：室内苯浓度一般高于甲苯浓度。对于内部装修后1—2月内的民用住宅，室内苯、甲苯污染相当严重，部分住宅远远超出标准限值：苯浓度一般低于或接近甲苯浓度。因此，可以认为室内甲苯的释放速度比苯快。     

Activated carbon adsorption of quinolone antibiotics in water: Performance, mechanism, and modeling

The extensive use of antibiotics has led to their presence in the aquatic environment, and introduces potential impacts on human and ecological health. The capability of powdered activated carbon(PAC) to remove six frequently used quinolone(QN) antibiotics during water treatment was evaluated to improve drinking water safety. The kinetics of QN adsorption by PAC was best described by a pseudo second-order equation, and the adsorption capacity was well described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Isotherms measured at different p H showed that hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction,and π–π dispersion force were the main mechanisms for adsorption of QNs by PAC. A p H-dependent isotherm model based on the Freundlich equation was developed to predict the adsorption capacity of QNs by PAC at different p H values. This model had excellent prediction capabilities under different laboratory scenarios. Small relative standard derivations(RSDs), i.e., 0.59%–0.92% for ciprofloxacin and 0.09%–3.89% for enrofloxacin,were observed for equilibrium concentrations above the 0.3 mg/L level. The RSDs increased to 11.9% for ciprofloxacin and 32.1% for enrofloxacin at μg/L equilibrium levels, which is still acceptable. This model could be applied to predict the adsorption of other chemicals having different ionized forms.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

应用Models-3/CMAQ研究长三角区域大气污染及输送

选用美国国家环保局第3代空气质量模式（Models-3，／CMAQ），配合中尺度气象模式（MM5）进行研究，模拟了2001年1、7月份长江三角洲区域冬夏季典型天气条件下大气层二次污染物臭氧及颗粒物的浓度分布及输送状况。采用2001年冬．夏季各10d的小时监测数据对模式验证。结果表明，Models-3／CMAQ对O3、PM10的模拟相关系数分别为0．77和052；一致性指数分别达到081和0．99。模型对于O3略微低估，标准偏差为-31％，而对于PM10则有所高估，标准偏差为46％。对长三角7月份O3浓度及1月份PM10的模拟结果显示，7月份长三角区域16个主要城市O3日均浓度集中在0．043～0．086mg／m^3之间，其中，泰州、扬州．湖州、镇江O3月日均浓度相对较高，均超过0．064mg／m3o模拟时段内O3最高小时浓度达0．276mg／m^3。1月份整个模拟区域PM10月日均浓度为O056mg／m^3，其中，南京市PM10日均浓度最高，达0．080mg／m^3模拟时段内PM10最高小时浓度达0.432mg／m^3研究表明，长三角地区存在明显的污染物输送现象，大气污染已经从局地污染转化为区域污染。