初始温度对废轮胎热解的影响

以管式炉热解实验和热重分析为基础,研究了初始温度对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。结果表明,初始温度对废轮胎的热解存在重要影响。热重分析结果表明,废轮胎的热解过程存在2个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率;可通过提高升温速率能够缩短热解反应时间。在初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃、初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO和CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为,可以通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

典型污水处理厂中多环麝香的污染特征

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L-1(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L-1(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg-1(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源.     

颗粒物上十溴联苯醚的光降解反应

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物累积性而备受关注.商业上主要使用的是十溴联苯醚(BDE-209),但是环境中检测出大量的较低溴代联苯醚,有可能来源于环境中BDE-209的光化学降解.研究在自行设计的光降解反应装置中,以太阳光和紫外灯(主波长为365 nm)为光源,对负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209进行照射实验.光照6 h后发现,负载在硅胶上的BDE-209(0.2 mg·g-1)在太阳光照射下,半衰期为35 min,而在紫外灯下仅为10 min;在紫外灯照射下负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209(0.4 mg·g-1)的半衰期为18 min.在不同光源或颗粒物中,BDE-209都发生了脱溴反应,生成较低溴代产物.暗反应表明,负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209都没有发生光降解.这些结果表明,吸附在颗粒物气溶胶上BDE-209的光降解反应,可能是环境中BDE-209的一个重要归趋,同时,其产物可能是环境中低溴代联苯醚的一个重要来源.     

Modelling tritrophic interactions mediated by induced defence volatiles

Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing and releasing induced volatiles to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. In this paper, we consider the recruitment of natural enemies attracted by plant-induced volatiles and introduce the An–Liu–Johnson–Lovett model into the Lotka–Volterra model in an attempt to add this missing vital link in tritrophic interaction. Increase in attraction strength of plant-induced volatiles to the natural enemy leads to high fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population. When the attack strength of natural enemies reaches a certain level, fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population will decrease and plant biomass will approach to its environmental carrying capacity. The simulation demonstrates that plant volatile compounds induced by insects have led to the introduction of a third tritrophic level, e.g., natural enemies, into the plant–herbivore system, resulting in the coexistence of plants, insects, and natural enemies during the evolution process.     

GIS技术在船舶大气污染物排放清单建立研究中的应用

阐述了地理信息系统（GIS）技术在上海市船舶大气排放清单建立研究中的应用。通过应用地理编码技术和地理实体的拓扑模型建立等技术，较好地解决了船舶码头定位和航线距离统计等关键空间问题。并利用GIS对船舶污染物排放量进行了空间统计，得到空气质量模型可用的空间排放数据集。     

倾斜摄影技术在化学品火灾爆炸事故调查中的应用研究

针对化学品火灾爆炸事故影响范围大、事故现场危险因素多、事故现场勘查分析困难的现状,定制研发了基于倾斜摄影技术的事故现场勘查无人机,通过优化飞行路线和建模方法,快速重构真实景三维事故现场模型.该模型可以进行事故现场物证搜集、事故影响范围测量、TNT爆炸当量计算等,提升了事故现场勘查效率.该技术已在江苏某化工公司"3·21"特大爆炸事故等多起事故中进行了应用,效果良好.倾斜摄影技术作为一种新兴的测绘技术,优势明显,应用范围日益扩大.     

A compilation of field surveys on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from contrasting environmental settings in Europe,South America,South Africa and China: separating fads from facts

Mercury is transported globally in the atmosphere mostly in gaseous elemental form (GEM, \( {\text{Hg}}_{\text{gas}}^{0} \) ), but still few worldwide studies taking into account different and contrasted environmental settings are available in a single publication. This work presents and discusses data from Argentina, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Chile, China, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Slovenia and Venezuela. We classified the information in four groups: (1) mining districts where this contaminant poses or has posed a risk for human populations and/or ecosystems; (2) cities, where the concentration of atmospheric mercury could be higher than normal due to the burning of fossil fuels and industrial activities; (3) areas with natural emissions from volcanoes; and (4) pristine areas where no anthropogenic influence was apparent. All the surveys were performed using portable LUMEX RA-915 series atomic absorption spectrometers. The results for cities fall within a low GEM concentration range that rarely exceeds 30 ng m^?3, that is, 6.6 times lower than the restrictive ATSDR threshold (200 ng m^?3) for chronic exposure to this pollutant. We also observed this behavior in the former mercury mining districts, where few data were above 200 ng m^?3. We noted that high concentrations of GEM are localized phenomena that fade away in short distances. However, this does not imply that they do not pose a risk for those working in close proximity to the source. This is the case of the artisanal gold miners that heat the Au–Hg amalgam to vaporize mercury. In this respect, while GEM can be truly regarded as a hazard, because of possible physical–chemical transformations into other species, it is only under these localized conditions, implying exposure to high GEM concentrations, which it becomes a direct risk for humans.     

Oxidation of antimony (III) in soil by manganese (IV) oxide using X-ray absorption fine structure

The oxidation of antimony (III) in soils was studied using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. An andosol soil sample and artificial soil samples (SiO₂ blended with iron (III) hydroxide and manganese (IV) oxide) were used herein. After adding antimony (III) oxide to all soil samples, the oxidation process was observed by recording the XAFS spectra of Sb K-edge, Fe K-edge, and Mn K-edge. The results indicated that manganese (IV) oxide played an important role in the oxidation of Sb(III); however iron (III) hydroxide was not directly related to the reaction. During a 2-hr continuous Sb K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement with an interval of 1 min of one of the artificial soil samples (SiO₂ + MnO₂ + Sb₂O₃), a pseudo-first-order reaction was determined with an average estimated rate of 0.52 ± 0.04 hr^? 1. Compared to the lower oxidation rate of andosol, it is suggested that because of the low concentration of Mn(IV) in natural soils, the oxidation process of Sb(III) might be relatively slow and require more time to convert Sb(III) to Sb(V).     

化学沉淀法处理模拟含铜废水的研究

采用化学沉淀法对模拟含铜废水进行处理,分别考察了反应pH值、温度、沉淀时间、絮凝剂(PAM)用量以及PAM作用下沉淀时间等因素对模拟含铜废水处理的影响,并在最佳条件下对实际含铜废水进行了处理研究。结果表明,采用化学沉淀法处理200 mg/L的模拟含铜废水时,1‰聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的最佳加入比例为30 mg/L,在25℃下,合适的pH值为7.12左右,沉淀时间13 min。在此条件下对来自葫芦岛锌厂的酸性平均含铜为167 mg/L的实际废水继续处理,处理后废水中铜离子浓度平均值为0.87 mg/L,可以实现实际废水中铜离子的有效去除。