铅污染事故生态环境损失评估——以台州铅蓄电池企业为例

国内铅污染事故频繁发生,造成了严重的生态环境污染和人体健康损害。通过采用市场价值法、人力资本法和恢复费用法,对铅污染的生态环境损失进行了全面评估。以台州典型的铅蓄电池企业为例进行研究,铅污染总损失为121．83万元,其中土壤修复及监测费用占77.1％;人体健康损失占18．9％;农作物种植损失占4．0％。     

基于电力载波的加油站油气回收在线监测系统

为保证加油站油气回收系统的实施效果,专门研制了加油站油气回收在线监控系统,该系统可以实时采集油气回收系统的气液比、密闭性等参数,并通过电力载波技术将数据传输到室内的监控机中进行存储、分析、报警和远传。实际测试表明,该系统性能稳定、成本低廉、安装简单,无需专门铺设通讯电缆,可以很好地满足现场要求。     

新疆喀什三角洲地下水化学特征及演化规律

"水质型"缺水问题严重阻碍着新疆喀什地区经济的发展.为研究位于喀什地区西部的喀什三角洲地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,于2016年6～10月采集地下水水化学样品402组,地下水氢氧同位素样品114组.综合运用数理统计、Gibbs图、离子比、Schoeller图和水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析了喀什三角洲地下水的水文地球化学特征,探讨了水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明:①该区地下水中阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,其次为Cl-;阳离子以Na+为主,地下水类型以SO4·Cl-Na型为主;②该区地下水离子组分受岩石溶滤作用和蒸发浓缩作用控制.水中离子主要来源于蒸发岩的溶解,其次为碳酸岩的溶解.河流冲积平原潜水受蒸发浓缩作用影响,承压水还受反向阳离子交换作用和混合作用影响;③沿地下水流向,地下水离子组分浓度呈递增趋势,岩盐、白云石和石膏发生溶解,方解石沉淀.     

Accurate prediction of air quality response to emissions for effective control policy design

Designing effective control policy requires accurate quantification of the relationship between the ambient concentrations of O₃and PM_2.5and the emissions of their precursors.However,the challenge is that precursor reduction does not necessarily lead to decreases in the concentrations of O₃and PM_2.5,which are formed by multiple precursors under complex physical and chemical processes;this calls for the development of advanced model technologies to prov...     

Synergetic PM2.5 and O3 control strategy for the Yangtze River Delta, China

PM_2.5 concentrations have dramatically reduced in key regions of China during the period 2013–2017, while O₃ has increased. Hence there is an urgent demand to develop a synergetic regional PM_2.5 and O₃ control strategy. This study develops an emission-to-concentration response surface model and proposes a synergetic pathway for PM_2.5 and O₃ control in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) based on the framework of the Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System (ABaCAS). Results suggest that the regional emissions of NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and primary PM_2.5 should be reduced by 18%, 23%, 14%, 17% and 33% compared with 2017 to achieve 25% and 5% decreases of PM_2.5 and O₃ in 2025, and that the emission reduction ratios will need to be 50%, 26%, 28%, 28% and 55% to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. To effectively reduce the O₃ pollution in the central and eastern YRD, VOCs controls need to be strengthened to reduce O₃ by 5%, and then NOx reduction should be accelerated for air quality attainment. Meanwhile, control of primary PM_2.5 emissions shall be prioritized to address the severe PM_2.5 pollution in the northern YRD. For most cities in the YRD, the VOCs emission reduction ratio should be higher than that for NOx in Spring and Autumn. NOx control should be increased in summer rather than winter when a strong VOC-limited regime occurs. Besides, regarding the emission control of industrial processes, on-road vehicle and residential sources shall be prioritized and the joint control area should be enlarged to include Shandong, Jiangxi and Hubei Province for effective O₃ control.     

磷酸盐对厌氧氨氧化活性污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了磷酸盐浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化活性污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响,对其抑制动力学参数进行拟合,并基于荧光定量PCR的测定,分析了受磷酸盐抑制前后反应器中厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度的变化.短期研究结果表明,磷酸盐浓度小于30 mg·L~(-1)对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能没有明显的影响;随着进水磷酸盐浓度的升高,氮去除速率呈加速下降趋势;磷酸盐浓度大于200 mg·L~(-1)时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性达到完全的抑制状态;采用Haldane抑制模型拟合磷酸盐抑制的动力学参数,所得半抑制常数为70.1 mg·L~(-1).长期研究结果表明,磷酸盐浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1)时,对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响不大;磷酸盐浓度在70~90 mg·L~(-1)时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性开始受到明显影响,经过一段时间可以有所恢复,但磷酸盐浓度越高,恢复所需时间越长;当磷酸盐浓度达到100 mg·L~(-1)时厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能受到严重抑制,氮去除速率由158.33 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)下降至60.17 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,抑制约62%.荧光定量PCR结果表明,抑制后的污泥体系中ANAMMOX菌细胞浓度由(9.97±0.86)×107cells·m L~(-1)下降至(8.26±0.54)×107cells·m L~(-1),有相对减少的趋势.     

环境NGO介入环境公益诉讼的必要性和复杂性研究

环境NGO在环保活动中已成为不可忽视的重要力量.随着2015年中国新环保法的颁布,环境NGO已经具备发起环境公益诉讼的主体资格,但由于中国环境NGO自身能力不足,完成诉讼仍存在困难.文章以环境NGO介入环境公益诉讼活动为研究对象,研究了现有环保NGO介入环境公益诉讼的现模式,并分析了环保NGO介入环境公益诉讼的必要性与复杂性,指出要提升NGO介入环境公益诉讼的能力,必须从培育环境公益诉讼意识、加强自身能力改造及破解资金难题等方面着手.     

壬基酚的微生物降解研究

随着全球经济和社会的发展,进入环境中的外来物质越来越多,其中许多有机污染物对微生物有抑制作用.近年的研究发现,壬基酚在各领域的广泛使用,环境中壬基酚的污染日趋严重,对人类和生态环境的危害不容忽视.针对壬基酚的危害及其微生物降解,举例说明了用于降解的微生物,阐述了壬基酚的微生物代谢途径、降解过程中的氧气、温度、pH、底物浓度等主要因素对降解影响的研究进展,并对壬基酚的微生物降解研究做出总结.     

储气库注采井生产管柱腐蚀速率预测研究

针对储气库注采井特殊的服役环境,以某储气库X注采井为例,基于腐蚀监测数据,采用灰色预测法预测得到该井2017年腐蚀速率为0.0308 mm/a,属中度腐蚀,建议采取增加剩余壁厚测试、加注缓蚀剂等措施减缓管柱腐蚀,该方法对于同类储气库管柱腐蚀防护具有借鉴意义。