基于IPCC方法的区域牲畜温室气体排放研究——以沈阳市为例

由温室气体的过量排放而引起全球气候异常越来越得到国际社会的认可。甲烷和氧化亚氮是仅次于二氧化碳的重要温室气体,牲畜尤其是反刍动物的肠道发酵和粪便是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要排放源。我国是畜牧业大国,牲畜的温室气体排放是我国农村地区的主要排放源之一。我国现已提倡发展低碳经济,走节能减排的发展道路。针对我国现状和区域特点编制牲畜温室气体排放清单对于我国实施低碳经济、调整畜牧业产业结构具有重要的参考价值。文章基于IPCC方法针对我国区域现状特点,以选取特征值的方法估算了2005-2009年沈阳市农村地区牲畜因肠道发酵和粪便管理而产生的温室气体并对5年间的温室气体排放情况作了比较分析,结果发现5年间由牲畜产生的温室气体是先升后降总体上升的趋势,2007年的排放量达到最高,为187.14万t;对于牲畜种类排放源的分析中,牛类、羊类、猪是温室气体排放的主要牲畜种类,而马、驴、骡、家禽及兔占据了较少的排放量;对于畜牧业产值的分析中发现,5年间沈阳市的畜牧业增长了79.5%,2007-2009年沈阳市的畜牧业逐渐走上了产业发展与温室气体排放脱钩的发展道路。     

HAZOP分析在常减压装置的应用及问题探讨

运用"HAZOP+LOPA+风险矩阵"复合式风险分析技术,对金陵分公司常减压装置进行危险辨识和风险分析,识别装置存在的主要问题和隐患,并对HAZOP技术应用中存在的适应性问题进行了探讨,对装置风险控制提出了针对性的建议措施,为装置的"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供指导。     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

重庆城区大气颗粒物的元素、离子及物相组成研究

采用X－射线能谱（EDX），傅立叶红外光谱（FT－IR），X－射线衍射（XRI）对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的元素组成，离子，物相组成进行顾研究，EDX检出了S，Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Cu,Se,Sr,Zr,Rb,Ga,Hg,Zn,Ni元素，FT－IR光谱发现主要存在SO4^2-,NH4^ 和NO3^-,XRD结果表明存在CaSO4.2H2O,α-SiO2,(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2.2H2O,(NH4)2SO4等4个主要物相以及Fe3O4,CaCO3等物相，初步讨论了重庆大气颗粒物的污染来源及其时间，空间分布。     

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

论煤矿"三废"与环境保护

煤矿“三废”是煤矿主要环境污染问题之一，是煤矿环境保护的一个重要方面。本文分析了煤矿在开采、加工过程中所产生的“三废”问题，指出了它们对环境造成的影响和破坏，并提出针对性措施，同时还阐述了搞好煤矿环境保护的总体对策。     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

城市绿化草坪再生水灌溉对地下水水质影响研究

再生水是城市绿化的良好水源,但其潜在的地下水污染问题不容忽视.本研究基于对地下水及其灌溉水水质的长期监测,探讨了绿化草坪地下水主要理化性质和污染物浓度的变化规律及其与灌溉用水水质的关系.连续5 a的监测结果表明,再生水氨氮超出用于城市绿化的城市杂用水水质标准（GB/T 18920-2002）,总氮偏高,二者变化范围分别为0.05～65.4 mg·L-1和2.56～78.0 mg·L-1,平均值分别为12.0 mg·L-1和28.3 mg·L-1.使用自来水灌溉,地下水水质指标正常,波动不大;用再生水灌溉草坪（冬末初春4个月未浇）对地下6 m浅井水质影响明显,对20 m深井水质影响不明显,主要变化表现在硝态氮浓度值升高.浅井地下水硝态氮浓度与灌溉的再生水溶解态氮呈滞后的显著正相关性,表明用再生水灌溉草坪可能会引起地下浅层水硝态氮污染.因此,需要根据城市绿化用水量大的特点,进一步完善再生水回用标准,避免再生水回用造成新的环境污染风险.     

非离子表面活性剂对污泥调理脱水效果的影响

现有污泥脱水技术仅使污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处置要求.以污泥比阻（SRF）、脱水率为考察指标,比较了两大类非离子型表面活性剂（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OPEO型和烷基糖苷APG）对剩余污泥的脱水效果,并对原泥及调理后污泥进行了显微观察.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂可使污泥絮体粒径变小,不规则程度降低,改善了污泥的脱水性能,而且烷基糖苷APG脱水效果优于OPEO型.APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,污泥比阻即可降低到原泥的42%,脱水率可达到93%.以烷基糖苷APG为调理剂进行板框脱水实验,结果表明,当APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,脱水泥饼含水率比原泥脱水泥饼含水率低约10%,脱水率可达到97%.本研究为APG应用于污泥脱水,改善污泥脱水性能提供一些参考.     

长江重点江段水体中多环芳烃及其衍生物的分布及健康风险

研究了长江攀枝花、宜宾、泸州、重庆、涪陵、三峡、岳阳、武汉、九江和南京共计10个重点江段枯水期和丰水期表层水中19种多环芳烃(PAHs)及其15种衍生物(SPAHs)的分布和来源,评估了长江PAHs类污染的健康风险及时空差异.结果表明,长江表层水中∑PAHs、∑SPAHs平均浓度分别为(147.3±59.8)、(73.2±29.7) ng·L^-1,检出率分别为82.9%、69.5%,其中2~3环(S)PAHs所占比例为79%.在SPAHs中,∑NPAHs(硝基取代PAHs)、∑MPAHs(甲基取代PAHs)、∑OPAHs(氧化PAHs)的平均浓度分别为(27.0±4.5)、(24.7±15.5)、(17.1±11.9) ng·L^-1.根据分子比值法及主成分分析可知,长江重点江段PAHs主要来源于生物质、化石及液体燃料燃烧,SPAHs主要来源于燃烧源和光化学转化,SPAHs及PAHs通过大气沉降汇入水体.采用毒性当量因子浓度计算对长江重点江段PAHs进行健康风险评估,结果表明在枯水期具有致癌性PAHs的∑TEQ_BaP值(苯并芘毒性当量)较高,其中岳阳、武汉江段的BaP毒性当量浓度高于我国地表水规定阈值,应当高度重视长江流域PAHs在枯水期引起的健康风险.