Assessment of GC–MS response of selected pesticides in apple matrices related to matrix concentration

A uniform analyte response is required for GC–MS analysis in order to obtain acceptable quantitative results. The response of pesticides in complex matrices is susceptible to variation due to the interactions of co-extractives, both with pesticides or with GC–MS system. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude of the interactions, called matrix effect, and their behavior with the matrix dilution. The response of pyrimethanil (4,6-dimethyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine), cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine), trifloxystrobin (methyl-(2Z)-2-methoxyimino-2-[2-[[(E)-1-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene amino]oxymethyl]phenyl]acetate) and bifenthrin(2-methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate), used in apple crops protection, was evaluated in different concentrations of peel and flesh extracts of Granny Smith, Golden Delicious and Demi Rouge, selected as representatives of different matrix types. The matrix effect ranged from ?0.05 to 146.14%, depending on matrix type and pesticide. The highest response variation was observed in extracts of Granny Smith—an enhancement in flesh and suppression in peel extract. With the dilution, the matrix effect decreased with different magnitudes, but for Granny Smith peel extract an inverted effect was observed. The presence of the matrix effect in GC–MS pesticides analysis was obvious, requiring the application of matrix-matched calibration in quantification procedures for each variety, with calibration standards matched by the matrix concentration.     

Fungal biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol

Fungal degradation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH, C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂OH) by two wood‐decaying fungal strains and six fungal isolates from a site contaminated with per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated. 6:2 FTOH is increasingly being used in FTOH‐based products, and previous reports on the microbial fate of 6:2 FTOH have focused on bacteria and environmental microbial consortia. Prior to this study, one report demonstrated that the 6:2 FTOH biotransformation by the wood‐decaying fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, generated more polyfluoroalkyl substances, such as 5:3 acid (F(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂COOH), and diverted away from producing the highly stable perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Most of the fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum and isolates TW4‐2, TW4‐1, B79, and B76) examined in this study showed similar degradation patterns, further demonstrating that fungi yield more 5:3 acid (up to 51 mol% of initial 6:2 FTOH dosed) relative to other metabolites (up to 12 mol% total PFCAs). However, medium amendments can potentially improve 6:2 FTOH biotransformation rates and product profiles. The six fungal isolates tolerated up to 100 or 1,000 milligrams per liter of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, and some isolates experienced increased growth with increasing concentrations. This study proposes that fungal pathways must be considered for the biotransformation of potential PFAS precursors, such as 6:2 FTOH, and suggests the basis for selecting proper microorganisms for remediation of fluoroalkyl‐contaminated sites.     

Ambient sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,and ammonia at ten background and rural sites in China during 2007–2008

We present two years (January 2007–December 2008) of atmospheric SO₂, NO₂ and NH₃ measurements from ten background or rural sites in nine provinces in China. The measurements were made on a monthly basis using passive samplers under careful quality control. The results show large geographical and seasonal variations in the concentrations of these gases. The mean SO₂ concentration varied from 0.7 ± 0.4 ppb at Waliguan on Qinghai Plateau to 67.3 ± 31.1 ppb at Kaili in Guizhou province. The mean NO₂ concentration ranged from 0.6 ± 0.4 ppb at Waliguan to 23.9 ± 6.9 ppb at Houma in southern Shanxi. The mean NH₃ concentration ranged from 2.8 ± 3.0 ppb at Shangdianzi in northeastern Beijing to 13.7 ± 8.4 ppb at Houma. At most sites, SO₂ and NO₂ peaked in winter and reached minima in summer, while NH₃ showed maximum values in summer and lower values in cold seasons. On the whole, the geographical distributions of the observed gas concentrations are consistent with those of emissions. The ground measurements of SO₂ and NO₂ are contrasted to the SCIAMACHY SO₂ and OMI NO₂ tropospheric columns, respectively. Although the satellite data can capture the main features of emissions and concentrations of SO₂, they do not reflect the variations of SO₂ in the surface layer. The situation is better for the case of NO₂. The OMI NO₂ columns capture the geographical differences in the ground NO₂ and correlate fairly well with the ground levels of NO₂ at six of the ten sites.     

水体中摇蚊幼虫的孳生规律及其控制途径

摇蚊幼虫污染是给水处理中出现的新问题 ,本文对国内外现有的研究与控制方法进行了简要的综述。分析了摇蚊幼虫的污染现状、污染产生原因 ,并介绍了摇蚊的生活史以及空间和季节分布规律 ,在此基础上 ,阐述了摇蚊幼虫孳生的物理、化学和生物环境因素 ;指出了摇蚊的自身特性和现有的研究手段 ;目前对摇蚊幼虫污染进行综合防治所采用的方法有物理法、化学法和生物操纵法。提出了进一步研究此类问题的建议。     

大骨节病区水土中有机物对硒存在形态和生物有效性的影响

经测定,低硒带大骨节病区土壤中80％以上硒及土壤水提液中30—96％的硒以有机结合态形式存在,主要结合于土壤腐植酸类物质.病区饮水源中除低硒外,并高有机物含量,80％以上的硒与有机物结合.动物实验的结果表明,腐植酸的存在显著降低了饲料中硒的生物有效性.     

饲料中铜暴露对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼血红细胞微核和组织中铜蓄积的影响

为了研究饲料中铜暴露对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性作用,将1 080条罗非鱼幼鱼暴露于6个浓度梯度的高铜日粮中,通过60 d的暴露试验,测定罗非鱼血红细胞微核变化和组织中铜的蓄积.结果表明,铜在各组织中积累量的顺序依次为:肝脏＞脾脏＞肠道＞鳃＞肌肉,与对照组相比,其中肝脏、脾脏、肠道中铜的含量随着时间和日粮中铜浓度的升高而逐渐升高,而鳃和肌肉中铜含量无显著差异;罗非鱼幼鱼血红细胞微核率、核异常率、总核异常率与日粮中铜的浓度存在一定的剂量—效应关系,并且核异常率高于微核率.     

Fe2+和Fe3+在4-氯酚光化学反应中性质的相似性

研究在光照条件下,２０ｍｇ／ｌ４－氯酚＋１ｍｇ／ＬＦｅ＾２＋（体系Ａ）和２０ｇ／Ｌ４－氯酚＋１ｍｇＦｅ＾３＋（体系Ｂ）中Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾３＋的浓度变化,通过离子色谱手段,在体系Ａ中能够同时检测出Ｆｅ＾２＋,在体系Ｂ中亦能够同时检测到Ｆｅ＾２＋,故Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾２＋在４－氯酚光化学反应中的性质,表现出相似性。     

土壤中结合态苯氧羧酸类除草剂的测定

利用超临界ＣＯ２流体萃取的方法提取２甲４氯(ＭＣＰＡ),２,４－Ｄ和除草醚在三种土壤中的结合残留．结果表明,在培养２００ｄ的时间内,ＭＣＰＡ的结合残留量为１．０ｌ－５．１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的２．０－１０．１%;２,４－Ｄ的结合残留量为０．２４－２．６５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的０．５－５．３%;除草醚的结合残留量为６．５３－１９．３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总邑的１２．９—３８．２%．农药结合态与游离态含量的比值随时间的延长而增加．     

地震与环境生态

基于地震环境生态破坏的实际资料,我们讨论了以下的问题;（1）从Ⅸ度地震烈度开始就会引起环境生态的破坏;（2）初步划分Ⅸ－Ⅻ度情况下地地震对环境生态破坏程度;（3）得出了在发生6．7级－8．5级地震时环境生态破坏的面积;（4）提出了地震引起环境生态破坏的恢复和补救对策。     

CH4 and N2O emissions from Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in experimental mesocosms

Spartina alterniflora, a perennial grass with C(4)-photosynthesis, shows great invading potential in the coastal ecosystems in the east of China. We compared trace gas emissions from S. alterniflora with those from a native C(3) plant, Phragmites australis, by establishing brackish marsh mesocosms to experimentally assess the effects of plant species (S. alterniflora vs. P. australis), flooding status (submerged vs. non-submerged), and clipping (plants clipped or not) on trace gas emissions. The results show that trace gas emission rates were higher in S. alterniflora than P. australis mesocosms due to the higher biomass and density of the former, which could fix more available substrates to the soil and potentially emit more trace gases. Meanwhile, trace gas emission rates were higher in non-submerged than submerged soils, suggesting that water might act as a diffusion barrier in the brackish marsh mesocosms. Interestingly, methane (CH(4)) emission rates were lower in clipped non-submerged mesocosms than in non-clipped submerged mesocosms, but nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions were enhanced. CH(4) emissions were significantly correlated with the plant biomass and stem density (R(2)>0.48, P<0.05) for both species, suggesting that both the two species might play important roles in CH(4) production and transport and also act as suppliers of easily available substrates for the methanogenic bacteria in wetland ecosystems. N(2)O emissions, however, were not significantly correlated with plant biomass and density (P>0.05).